tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32137313269101835632024-03-14T10:03:40.532+02:00Armour force / Panssaroitu voima maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.comBlogger502125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-46223219612656456742018-11-09T01:11:00.001+02:002018-11-09T01:11:34.492+02:00Eastern Front 1941...<br />
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<img height="400" src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/87/98/28798_r500.jpg" width="396" /><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the autumn of 1941, a russian field baker took over the city of Syvär: </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The production of dough and dough. Syväri city 1942.08.10</span></b><br />
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<img height="400" src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/88/06/28806_r500.jpg" width="392" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Weigh the bread before sending them from the bakery.</span></b><br />
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<img height="400" src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/57/27/165727_r500.jpg" width="268" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tuntsa. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The neck (or white water) of Deer River. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alakurtti (Salla) 1941.09.26</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the autumn of 1941, Mäkiluoto's heavy 8-inch radiator cannon fired Russian ship escorts evacuating Hanko's troops. Mäkiluoto 1941.00.00</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lahti-Saloranta's two-pipe 20mm it-cannon (captain Björkstam's lightweight it-radiator north of Säämäjärvi).</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">VII CoR Commander Major Peura gets acquainted with the cannon. Säämäjärvi 1941.09.23</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The heavy mortar of the Finnish (Tampella) in operation. </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Vermanjoki 1941.10.14</b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The text of the railway cut and the star, etc. from 1940. Säämäjoki, station 1941.09.02</span></b><br />
<br />maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-75970403745887344692018-11-06T14:08:00.000+02:002018-11-06T14:08:16.762+02:00M1A1 USA Light tank<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The M1 Combat Car, officially Light Tank, M1, was a light tank used by the US Cavalry in the late 1930s and developed at the same time as the infantry's very similar M2 light tank. After the Spanish Civil War, most armies, including the US Army, realized that they needed tanks armed with cannons, not merely vehicles armed with machine guns, and so the M1 became obsolete.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img alt="Aiheeseen liittyvä kuva" height="264" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Combat_Car%2C_M1A1.png" width="400" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>M1A1 light tank of an unidentified training unit, 1941. This variant (17 built in 1937) received a new octagonal turret. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The hull was 40 cm longer (to 4.44 m – 17 ft 7 in) and the two bogies were farther apart. The next M1A1E1 (7 produced) received a new Guiberson diesel engine. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img height="316" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/M2A3_light_tank_1939_LOC_hec_26434.jpg/1024px-M2A3_light_tank_1939_LOC_hec_26434.jpg" width="400" /><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>They led to the development of the M2 light tank.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Battle of France 1940 </b></span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>cause the reasons assembly to 37 mm cannon</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----------</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The National Defense Act of 1920 set tanks as the responsibility of the infantry and the general staff defined the purpose of tanks as the support of infantry units. Light tanks were defined as weighing five tons or less – so they could be carried by trucks – and medium tanks no greater than 15 tons to meet bridge weight limits. With very tight restrictions on spending, tank development in the US was limited to a couple of test vehicles a year. </b></span><br />
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<img alt="File:Army veterans inspect a M1 Combat Car at the 1939 World's Fair in New York City.jpg" height="325" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Army_veterans_inspect_a_M1_Combat_Car_at_the_1939_World%27s_Fair_in_New_York_City.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Civil War veterans (wearing Grand Army of the Republic uniforms) inspect an M1 Combat Car at the 1939 World's Fair in New York</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----------</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The mechanization of the army was promoted by General Douglas MacArthur (Chief of Staff of the US Army) who believed that the cavalry should have tanks for an exploiting role rather than acting in support of the infantry. To allow US Army cavalry units to be equipped with armored fighting vehicles, the tanks developed for the cavalry were designated "combat cars". </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In the mid-1930s, the Rock Island Arsenal built three experimental T2 light tanks inspired by the British Vickers 6-ton tank. At the same time, they built a light tank similar to the T2 for the cavalry – the T5 combat car. The only major difference between the two was that the T5 used vertical volute suspension while the T2 had leaf springs as on the Vickers. The T5 was developed further and the T5E2 was accepted for production as the "M1 combat car". </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The M1 entered service in 1937. A change to the suspension so that the idler wheel rested on the ground ("trailing") increased the length of track in contact with the ground and improved the ride. Together with a different engine and improved turret, this produced the M2 combat car. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In 1940, the distinction between infantry and cavalry tank units disappeared with the establishment of the armored force to manage all tanks in the US Army. The "combat car" name was superfluous, and the cavalry unit tanks redesignated the M1 combat car as the "light tank M1A1" and the M2 combat car as the "light tank M1A2". </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The M1 and M2 combat cars were not used in combat by the US Army during World War II; though some were used for training purposes.</b></span><br />
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<br />maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-21084940851523177362018-11-04T14:16:00.001+02:002018-11-04T14:16:53.690+02:00Operation Schamil<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Operation Schamil was a code-name for a German Abwehr operation to airdrop special forces ahead of the main attacking force against the Soviet town of Grozny which was a major oil production and refining center and, together with Maykop and Baku, was the primary objective for the German 1942 summer offensive by Army Group A led by Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm List. It's named after Imam Shamil.</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uXY-2Ob9EyY/W97ds1k9jNI/AAAAAAAAgNY/aQo7T229-lU4UlSHZz7yXQObDBrJF1glgCEwYBhgL/s1600/sch3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="421" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uXY-2Ob9EyY/W97ds1k9jNI/AAAAAAAAgNY/aQo7T229-lU4UlSHZz7yXQObDBrJF1glgCEwYBhgL/s400/sch3.jpg" width="290" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The plan called for the Lehr-Regiment Brandenburg zBV 800 (a special operations unit) to be dropped in advance of the 1st Panzer Army to establish contacts with the local insurgents, capture oil refineries by surprise, and protect them from destruction by the retreating Soviet Red Army. </b></span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gRri7KwtqJY/W97dn-DwcJI/AAAAAAAAgNU/95X-2LenpbgAxJK0aRBK8Wvc8_mJ4BFAACEwYBhgL/s1600/sch1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="191" data-original-width="300" height="254" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gRri7KwtqJY/W97dn-DwcJI/AAAAAAAAgNU/95X-2LenpbgAxJK0aRBK8Wvc8_mJ4BFAACEwYBhgL/s400/sch1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In August–September 1942, five groups (57 men in total) were parachuted into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://codenames.info/operation/schamil/" target="_blank">Operation Schamil</a></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>They succeeded in capturing the oil refinery in Grozny, but had to retreat when the main German army was stopped about 89 km from Grozny. One of the groups succeeded in establishing contacts with rebel leader Hasan Israilov. Additional three groups (20 men) followed in August 1943; their task was to hinder Soviet counter-offensive.</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cv6psHvaQ7U/W97dup9W6RI/AAAAAAAAgNc/75z-A2Xu5yAGkXNfEGMBnmpgimhGPqqTgCEwYBhgL/s1600/sch2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="187" data-original-width="269" height="278" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cv6psHvaQ7U/W97dup9W6RI/AAAAAAAAgNc/75z-A2Xu5yAGkXNfEGMBnmpgimhGPqqTgCEwYBhgL/s400/sch2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In terms of ethnic background, the 77 men were 15 Germans, 21 Ossetians, 16 Ingush, 13 Chechens, five Dagestanis, three Kabardians, two Georgians, a Russian and a Kazakh. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>These men were trained by the Operation Zeppelin which, over the course of the war, airdropped some 50 diversionary groups in North Caucasus and Transcaucasia.</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-J0NNzBOIbzE/W97d09mJkeI/AAAAAAAAgNk/Eg7c_ZrzWGgTSRjYfuDVhp6WM7ISa3pcwCEwYBhgL/s1600/sch5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="336" data-original-width="260" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-J0NNzBOIbzE/W97d09mJkeI/AAAAAAAAgNk/Eg7c_ZrzWGgTSRjYfuDVhp6WM7ISa3pcwCEwYBhgL/s400/sch5.jpg" width="308" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-62838451912479292282018-10-18T19:22:00.001+03:002018-10-18T20:09:26.720+03:00Kuvia 1940 - 1941 Pictures <br />
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<a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/N0L9U4jCXiv6BcYWDT0i1YWeqT1hGRrrq6V31eGyw97jNkRaicgiq6SobZheb90G46UUQtbhkddg2edYVqVQmGw" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/12/50/91250_r500.jpg" height="282" width="400" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/proxy/SqzhxseRW0mEzLTMraPjw-aZzokvnU90W7eOrAS-BrBDuPXYcltk7Ni6U--ENX08KiOH78nL1P0DOGtcFQj1KLc" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/12/51/91251_r500.jpg" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/65/72/166572_r500.jpg" /></span><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/64/83/96483_r500.jpg" height="400" width="386" /><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/64/82/96482_r500.jpg" height="400" width="384" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Oberstaucheit Fuhrer Müller Branderburg makes visit, to General Talvela.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Nurmoila 1941.11.03</b></span><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/63/95/96395_r500.jpg" height="400" width="386" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Fokker CX is back, and Post-flight notification. Vitele airport. 1941.10.07</span></b><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/45/92/114592_r500.jpg" height="289" width="400" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Soviet "coppler" grenades stacked on the wall</b></span><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/41/66/114166_r500.jpg" height="277" width="400" /><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> "Cobbler"- 50 kg airplane bomb</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Field-post office Kuhmo front, 1940.02.06.</span></b><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/39/72/113972_r500.jpg" height="400" width="276" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Russian-language discs are played in the trench by the Kuhmo front.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kuhmo 1940.02.06</span></b><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/38/50/113850_r500.jpg" height="276" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Finnish ski-patrol with new Norwegian backpacks. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Unknown 1940.02.01</span></b><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/72/36/107236_r500.jpg" height="400" width="391" /><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/72/67/107267_r500.jpg" height="400" width="388" /><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/72/59/107259_r500.jpg" height="400" width="386" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ammo's facktory in the Old Town. 1940.01.25</span></b><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/46/36/114636_r500.jpg" height="290" width="400" /><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/46/50/114650_r500.jpg" height="288" width="400" /><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/46/41/114641_r500.jpg" height="290" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Reindeer patrol, Jäniskoski.1940.02.20</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> soviet rifleman protection</b></span><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/48/66/114866_r500.jpg" height="400" width="290" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> Water is raised from the well. Viipuri Linnasaari, 1940.03.04</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Water transporter air sheltered from Vyborg Castle Island. Viipuri 1940.03.04</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Suomi: </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>All awaits warm food and coffee, say welcome, and then home ..</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1940 exchange of prisoners</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Soviet: </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>does not say hello, reads only the name tag, and a new prison camp is waiting for their home country, </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">and soon there are many executions</b><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/00/43/110043_r500.jpg" height="290" width="400" /><br />
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">1/3 of whom speak Finnish (Ingria, Estonia, Finn Communists, defectors, some Usa Canada Finnish origin) coming sabotage and destroy works, to behind finnis frontline, and they hits </b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Soon they will appear behind the lines and soon Finns trackers follow them, about 30 men team.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The enemy try escapes towards their own lines, but Finns cutting their way, </b></span><b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">and Soviets men divided into many smaller groups that also lose men at many small battles. </b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Only 30 men escape home, others ends their way to Finnish forest in small groups. Soviet Food Service does not work because Finnis troops hijack food torpedos and soviets men have no any food for nearly two weeks, and the back trackers (Finns groups of 5 to 7 men) are wery close.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>One group of three men survived, followed by them. The next day...</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Some Soviet patrols other men murdered own man.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Two other patrol man agree this. </b></span><br />
<a href="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/04/37/40437_r500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/04/37/40437_r500.jpg" height="400" width="296" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>They kill the third comrade and eat him.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The murder happens by shooting victim, when he shave beard.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Anyway, soon one Finnish patrol surprise the men in the kitchen.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The picture shows how raw this process are.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Left are victim foot (across the ankle),</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- then another palm,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- the man's head,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- behind the head are aitchbones</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- one foot,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- (one other they eat)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- chest / body </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- man's skinned / leather hanging tree </b></span><br />
<br />
<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Another murderer (Finnish Communist) who praised the meat tasted specially good (like a young calf).</b><br />
<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></b>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Seesjärvi 1942.11.06</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----------------------------------------------------</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Yksi Neuvostoliiton partioista murhasi oman miehen.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Kaksi muuta partiota sopivat tästä.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>He tappavat kolmannen toverin ja syövät hänet.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Murhaus tapahtuu ampumalla uhri, kun hän parturi</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Joka tapauksessa, pian yksi suomalainen partio yllättää miesten keittiössä.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Kuva näyttää kuinka raaka tämä prosessi on.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Vasen on uhrin jalka (koko nilkan),</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- sitten toinen kämmen,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- miehen pää,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- pään takana on lonkeroita,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- yksi jalka,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- (toinen he syövät)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- rinnassa,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Miehen nyljetty nahka roikkuu puussa</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Toinen murhaaja oli suomalainen kommunisti, joka kehui lihaa joka maistui erityisen hyvältä (kuten nuori vasikka).</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Seesjärvi 1942.11.06 </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----------------------------------------------------------</b></span><br />
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<br />maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-8001564471823983112018-10-09T18:54:00.002+03:002018-10-09T18:54:53.972+03:00French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Mandate for Syria and Lebanon ( French : Mandat français pour la Syrie et le Liban; Arabic : الانتداب الفرنسي على سوريا ولبنان al-intidāb al-fransi 'ala suriya wa-lubnān ) (1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded after the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire concerning Syria and Lebanon . The mandate system was supposed to differ from colonialism, with the governing country acting as a trustee until the inhabitants would be able to stand on their own. At that point, the mandate would terminate and an independent state would be born. </b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>During the two years that followed the end of the war in 1918 – and in accordance with the Sykes-Picot Agreement signed by Britain and France during the war – the British held control of most of Ottoman Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and the southern part of Ottoman Syria (Palestine and Transjordan), while the French controlled the rest of Ottoman Syria, Lebanon, Alexandretta (Hatay) and other portions of southeastern Turkey. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon" height="288" src="http://fabiano.dothome.co.kr/data/cache/blog/1515149496429284.jpg" width="400" /><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In the early 1920s, British and French control of these territories became formalized by the League of Nations' mandate system, and on 29 September 1923 France was assigned the League of Nations mandate of Syria, which included the territory of present-day Lebanon and Alexandretta in addition to Syria proper. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the Syrian Federation (1922–24), the State of Syria (1924–30) and the Syrian Republic (1930–1958), as well as smaller states: the State of Greater Lebanon , the Alawite State and Jabal Druze State . Hatay was annexed by Turkey in 1939. The French mandate lasted until 1943, when two independent countries emerged, Syria and Lebanon. French troops completely left Syria and Lebanon in 1946. </b></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Background </b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Main articles: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration and Arab Kingdom of Syria</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>With the defeat of the Ottomans in Syria, British troops, under General Sir Edmund Allenby , entered Damascus in 1918 accompanied by troops of the Arab Revolt led by Faisal, son of Sharif Hussein of Mecca. Faisal established the first new postwar Arab government in Damascus in October 1918, and named Ali Rida Pasha ar-Rikabi a military governor.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The "Kingdom of Syria" in 1918</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The new Arab administration formed local governments in the major Syrian cities, and the pan-Arab flag was raised all over Syria. The Arabs hoped, with faith in earlier British promises, that the new Arab state would include all the Arab lands stretching from Aleppo in northern Syria to Aden in southern Yemen .</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>However, in accordance with the secret Sykes–Picot Agreement between Britain and France, General Allenby assigned to the Arab administration only the interior regions of Syria (the eastern zone). Palestine (the southern zone) was reserved for the British. On 8 October, French troops disembarked in Beirut and occupied the Lebanese coastal region south to Naqoura (the western zone), replacing British troops there. The French immediately dissolved the local Arab governments in the region.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Syrian National Congress in 1919</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>France demanded full implementation of the Sykes–Picot Agreement, with Syria under its control. On 26 November 1919, British forces withdrew from Damascus to avoid confrontation with the French, leaving the Arab government to face France. [9] Faisal had travelled several times to Europe, since November 1918, trying to convince France and Britain to change their positions, but without success. France's determination to intervene in Syria was shown by the naming of General Henri Gouraud as high commissioner in Syria and Cilicia. At the Paris Peace Conference , Faisal found himself in an even weaker position when the European powers decided to ignore the Arab demands.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In May 1919, elections were held for the Syrian National Congress , which convened in Damascus. 80% of seats went to conservatives. However, the minority included dynamic Arab nationalist figures such as Jamil Mardam Bey , Shukri al-Kuwatli , Ahmad al-Qadri , Ibrahim Hanano, and Riyad as-Solh. The head was moderate nationalist Hashim al-Atassi.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In June 1919, the American King–Crane Commission arrived in Syria to inquire into local public opinion about the future of the country. The commission's remit extended from Aleppo to Beersheba. They visited 36 major cities, met with more than 2,000 delegations from more than 300 villages, and received more than 3,000 petitions. Their conclusions confirmed the opposition of Syrians to the mandate in their country as well as to the Balfour Declaration , and their demand for a unified Greater Syria encompassing Palestine. The conclusions of the commission were rejected by France and ignored by Britain. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Unrest erupted in Syria when Faisal accepted a compromise with French Prime Minister Clemenceau and Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann over the issue of Jewish immigration to Palestine. Anti- Hashemite demonstrations broke out, and Muslim inhabitants in and around Mount Lebanon revolted in fear of being incorporated into a new, mainly Christian, state of Greater Lebanon. A part of France's claim to these territories in the Levant was that France was a protector of the minority Christian communities. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In March 1920, the Congress in Damascus adopted a resolution rejecting the Faisal-Clemenceau accords. The congress declared the independence of Syria in her natural borders (including Southern Syria or Palestine), and proclaimed Faisal the king of all Arabs. Faisal invited Ali Rida al-Rikabi to form a government. The congress also proclaimed political and economic union with neighboring Iraq and demanded its independence as well.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On 25 April, the supreme inter-Allied council, which was formulating the Treaty of Sèvres , granted France the mandate of Syria (including Lebanon), and granted Britain the Mandate of Palestine (including Jordan), and Iraq. Syrians reacted with violent demonstrations, and a new government headed by Hashim al-Atassi was formed on 7 May 1920. The new government decided to organize general conscription and began forming an army.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>These decisions provoked adverse reactions by France as well as by the Maronite patriarchate of Mount Lebanon, which denounced the decisions as a "coup d'état". </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In Beirut, the Christian press expressed its hostility to the decisions of Faisal's government. Lebanese nationalists used the crisis to convene a council of Christian figures in Baabda that proclaimed the independence of Lebanon on 22 March 1920. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On 14 July 1920, General Gouraud issued an ultimatum to Faisal, giving him the choice between submission or abdication. Realizing that the power balance was not in his favor, Faisal chose to cooperate. However, the young minister of war, Youssef al-Azmeh, refused to comply. In the resulting Franco-Syrian War, Syrian troops under al-Azmeh, composed of the little remaining troops of the Arab army and Bedouin horsemen and civilian volunteers met the better trained 12,000 strong French forces under General Mariano Goybet at the Battle of Maysaloun. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The French won the battle in less than a day and Azmeh died on the battlefield along with many of the Syrian troops, while the remaining troops possibly defected. General Goybet captured Damascus faced with little resistance on 24 July 1920, and the mandate was written in London two years later on 24 July 1922.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Arriving in Lebanon, the French were received as liberators by the Christian community, but entering Syria, they were faced with strong resistance.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The mandate region was subdivided into six states. They were the states of Damascus (1920), Aleppo (1920), Alawites (1920), Jabal Druze (1921), the autonomous Sanjak of Alexandretta (1921, modern-day Hatay), and the State of Greater Lebanon (1920), which became later the modern country of Lebanon .</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The drawing of those states was based in part on the sectarian makeup on the ground in Syria. However, nearly all the Syrian sects were hostile to the French mandate and to the division it created. This was best demonstrated by the numerous revolts that the French encountered in all of the Syrian states. Maronite Christians of Mount Lebanon, on the other hand, were a community with a dream of independence that was being realized under the French; therefore, Greater Lebanon was the exception among the newly formed states. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>It took France three years from 1920 to 1923 to gain full control over Syria and to quell all the insurgencies that broke out, notably in the Alawite territories, Mount Druze and Aleppo .</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Although there were uprisings in the different states, the French deliberately gave different ethnic and religious groups in the Levant their own lands in the hopes of prolonging their rule. The French hoped to focus on fragmenting the various groups in the region, so that the local population would not focus on the larger nationalist movement seeking to end colonial rule. In addition, the administration of the state governments was heavily dominated by the French. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Local authorities were given very little power and did not have the authority to independently decide policy. The small amount of power that local leaders had could easily be overruled by French officials. The French did everything in their power to prevent people in the Levant from developing self-sufficient governing bodies. In 1930, France extended their constitution on to Syria. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On August 3, 1920, Arrêté 299 of the Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban linked the cazas of Hasbaya, Rachaya, Maallaka and Baalbeck to what was then known as the Autonomous Territory of Lebanon. Then on 31 August 1920, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 318 delimiting the State of Greater Lebanon, with explanatory notes stating that Lebanon would be treated separately from the rest of Syria. On 1 September 1920, General Gouraud publicly proclaimed the creation of the State of Greater Lebanon (French: État du Grand Liban, Arabic: دولة لبنان الكبير ) at a ceremony in Beirut. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>General Gourard proclaims the creation of the State of Greater Lebanon</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Greater Lebanon was created by France to be a "safe haven" for the Maronite population of the mutasarrifia (Ottoman administrative unit) of Mount Lebanon. Mt. Lebanon, an area with a Maronite majority, had enjoyed varying degrees of autonomy during the Ottoman era. However, in addition to the Maronite Mutasarrifia other, mainly Muslim, regions were added, forming "Greater" Lebanon. Those regions correspond today to North Lebanon, south Lebanon, Biqa' valley, and Beirut. The capital of Greater Lebanon was Beirut. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The new state was granted a flag merging the French flag with the cedar of Lebanon. Maronites were the majority in Lebanon and managed to preserve its independence; an independence that created a unique precedent in the Arab world as Lebanon was the first Arab country in which Christians were not a minority. The State of Greater Lebanon existed until 23 May 1926, after which it became the Lebanese Republic.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Most Muslims in Greater Lebanon rejected the new state upon its creation. Some believe that the continuous Muslim demand for reunification with Syria eventually brought about an armed conflict between Muslims and Christians in 1958 when Lebanese Muslims wanted to join the newly proclaimed United Arab Republic , while Lebanese Christians were strongly opposed. However, most members of the Lebanese Muslim communities and their political elites were committed to the idea of being Lebanese citizens by the late 1930s, even though they also tended to nurture Arab nationalist sentiments.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle Syrian troops under al-Azmeh," height="300" src="https://syrianfreepress.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/baath-part.jpg" width="400" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On 19 August 1920, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 314 which added to the autonomous sandjak of Alexandretta the cazas of Jisr el-Choughour, the madriyehs of Baher and Bujack (caza of Latakia), the moudiriyeh of Kinsaba (caza of Sahyoun) "with a view to the formation of the territories of Greater Lebanon and the Ansarieh Mountains "; where the "Ansarieh Mountains" area was to become the Alawite State. On 31 August 1920, the same day that the decree creating Greater Lebanon was signed, General Gouraud signed Arrêté 319 delimiting the State of Alawites, and Arrêté 317 adding the caza of Massyaf (Omranie) into the new State.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The State of Alawites (French: État des Alaouites , Arabic: دولة العلويين ) was located on the Syrian coast and incorporated a majority of Alawites , a branch of Shia Islam . The port city of Latakia was the capital of this state. Initially it was an autonomous territory under French rule known as the "Alawite Territories". It became part of the Syrian Federation in 1922, but left the federation again in 1924 and became the "State of Alawites". On 22 September 1930, it was renamed the "Independent Government of Latakia ". The population at this time was 278,000. The government of Latakia finally joined the Syrian Republic on 5 December 1936. This state witnessed several rebellions against the French, including that of Salih al-Ali (1918-1920).</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On 28 June 1922 Arrêté 1459 created a "Federation of the Autonomous States of Syria" which included the State of Aleppo, the State of Damascus and the State of the Alawis. However, two and a half years later on 5 December 1924 Arrêté 2979 and Arrêté 2980 establishing the Alawite State as an independent state with Latakia as its capital, and separately unified the States of Aleppo and Damascus as from 1 January 1925 into a single State, renamed "d'État de Syrie" ("State of Syria").</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In 1936, both Jebel Druze and the Alawite State were incorporated into the State of Syria. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>State of Syria: State of Aleppo, State of Damascus, and State of Syria</b></span><br />
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<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle Franco-Syrian War" height="257" src="https://i.redd.it/u9ou3qsec9cy.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On 1 September 1920, the day after the creation of Greater Lebanon and the Alawite State, Arrêté 330 separated out of the previous "Gouvernement de Damas" ("Government of Damascus") an independent government known as the "Gouvernement d'Alep" ("Government of Aleppo"), including the autonomous sandjak of Alexandretta, which retained its administrative autonomy. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The terms "Gouvernement d'Alep" "Gouvernement de Damas" were used interchangeably with</b></span><br />
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> "l'Etat d'Alep" and "l'Etat de Damas" – for example, Arrete 279 1 October 1920 stated in its preamble: "Vu l'arrêté No 330 du 1er Septembre 1920 créant l'Etat d'Alep".</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The State of Aleppo (1920–1925, French: État d'Alep , Arabic: دولة حلب ) included a majority of Sunni Muslims . It covered northern Syria in addition to the entire fertile basin of river Euphrates of eastern Syria. These regions represented much of the agricultural and mineral wealth of Syria. The autonomous Sanjak of Alexandretta was added to the state of Aleppo in 1923. The capital was the northern city of Aleppo , which had large Christian and Jewish communities in addition to the Sunni Muslims. The state also incorporated minorities of Shiites and Alawites. Ethnic Kurds and Assyrians inhabited the eastern regions alongside the Arabs.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The State of Damascus was a French mandate from 1920 to 1925. The capital was Damascus.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The primarily Sunni population of the states of Aleppo and Damascus were strongly opposed to the division of Syria. This resulted in its quick end in 1925, when France united the states of Aleppo and Damascus into the State of Syria.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sanjak of Alexandretta </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Main articles: Sanjak of Alexandretta and Hatay State</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Sanjak of Alexandretta became an autonomous province of Syria under Article 7 of the French-Turkish treaty of 20 October 1921: "A special administrative regime shall be established for the district of Alexandretta. The Turkish inhabitants of this district shall enjoy facility for their cultural development. The Turkish language shall have official recognition".</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In 1923, Alexandretta was attached to the State of Aleppo, and in 1925 it was directly attached to the French mandate of Syria, still with special administrative status. The sanjak was given autonomy in November 1937 in an arrangement brokered by the League. Under its new statute, the sanjak became 'distinct but not separated' from the French Mandate of Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defence matters.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In 1938, the Turkish military went into the Syrian province and expelled most of its Arab and Armenian inhabitants. Before this, Alawi Arabs and Armenians were the majority of Alexandretta's population. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The allocation of seats in the sanjak assembly was based on the 1938 census held by the French authorities under international supervision. The assembly was appointed in the summer of 1938, and the French-Turkish treaty settling the status of the Sanjak was signed on 4 July 1938.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On 2 September 1938, the assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Hatay State. The republic lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. The name Hatay itself was proposed by Atatürk and the government was under Turkish control. In 1939, following a popular referendum, the Hatay State became a Turkish province.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>State of Jabal Druze </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Main article: Jabal al-Druze (state)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On 24 October 1922, Arrêté 1641 established the "État Autonome du Djebel Druze" (" Autonomous State of Jebel Druze ") </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>It was created for the Druze population of southern Syria. It had a population of some 50,000 and its capital in As-Suwayda .</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In 1936, both Jebel Druze and the Alawite State were incorporated into the State of Syria. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Demands for autonomy not granted by the French Mandate authorities </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Al-Jazira Province </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Main article: Al-Jazira Province</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In 1936–1937, there was some autonomist agitation among Assyrians and Kurds , supported by some Bedouins, in the province of Al-Jazira. Its partisans wanted the French troops to stay in the province in the event of a Syrian independence, as they feared the nationalist Damascus government would replace minority officials by Muslim Arabs from the capital. The French authorities refused to consider any new status of autonomy inside Syria. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Golan Region </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In Quneitra and the Golan Region , there was a sizeable Circassian community. For the same reasons as their Assyrian, Kurdish and Bedouin counterparts in Al-Jazira province in 1936–1937, several Circassian leaders wanted a special autonomy status for their region in 1938, as they feared the prospect of living in an independent Syrian republic under a nationalist Arab government hostile towards the minorities. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>They also wanted the Golan region to become a national homeland for Circassian refugees from the Caucasus. A Circassian battalion served in the French Army of the Levant and had helped it against the Arab nationalist uprisings. As in Al-Jazira Province, the French authorities refused to grant any autonomy status to the Golan Circassians.</b></span><br />
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<br />maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-37102409542900851432018-09-28T20:03:00.000+03:002018-09-28T20:03:00.079+03:00Tom of Finland<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Touko Valio Laaksonen (8 May 1920 – 7 November 1991), best known by his pseudonym Tom of Finland, was a Finnish artist known for his stylized highly masculinized homoerotic fetish art, and for his influence on late twentieth century gay culture. He has been called the "most influential creator of gay pornographic images" by cultural historian Joseph W. Slade. </span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Second name Valio means; very special, champions or special qualities...</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Over the course of four decades, he produced some 3500 illustrations, mostly featuring men with exaggerated primary and secondary sex traits, wearing tight or partially removed clothing.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Early life</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Laaksonen was born and raised by a middle-class family in Kaarina, a town in southwestern Finland, near the city of Turku. Both of his parents were schoolteachers at the grammar school that served Kaarina. The family lived in the school building's attached living quarters.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_of_Finland" target="_blank">Tom of Finland, Suomeksi</a></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">He went to school in Turku and in 1939, at the age of 19, he moved to Helsinki to study advertising. In his spare time he also started drawing erotic images for his own pleasure, based on images of male laborers he had seen from an early age. At first he kept these drawings hidden, but then destroyed them "at least by the time I went to serve the army." The country became embroiled in the Winter War with the USSR, and then became formally involved in World War II, and he was conscripted in February 1940 into the Finnish Army. </span></b><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-stjgh8osyGQ/W65eFewq5oI/AAAAAAAAgJY/DxDWWNIECnQdSH-B8vPPOOB4SogQnIFRQCEwYBhgL/s1600/sissi%2BTom%2Bof%2Bfinland%2BTouko%2BLaaksonen%2Bluutnantti.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="202" data-original-width="249" height="324" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-stjgh8osyGQ/W65eFewq5oI/AAAAAAAAgJY/DxDWWNIECnQdSH-B8vPPOOB4SogQnIFRQCEwYBhgL/s400/sissi%2BTom%2Bof%2Bfinland%2BTouko%2BLaaksonen%2Bluutnantti.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">He served as an anti-aircraft officer, holding the rank of second lieutenant. He later attributed his fetishistic interest in uniformed men to encounters with men in army uniform, especially soldiers of the German Wehrmacht serving in Finland at that time. "In my drawings I have no political statements to make, no ideology. I am thinking only about the picture itself. The whole Nazi philosophy, the racism and all that, is hateful to me, but of course I drew them anyway - they had the sexiest uniforms!" After the war, in 1945, he returned to studies.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Laaksonen's artwork of this period compared to later works is considered more romantic and softer with "gentle-featured shapes and forms." The men featured were middle class, as opposed to the sailors, bikers, lumberjacks, construction workers, and other members of stereotypically hypermasculine working class groups that feature in his later work. Another key difference is the lack of dramatic compositions, self-assertive poses, muscular bodies and "detached exotic settings" that his later work embodied.</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/DaddyandTheMuscle.jpg/170px-DaddyandTheMuscle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1f/DaddyandTheMuscle.jpg/170px-DaddyandTheMuscle.jpg" width="225" /></a><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Cover of a video release of Daddy and the Muscle Academy: The Life and Art of Tom of Finland documentary. >>>>></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In 1956 Laaksonen submitted drawings to the influential American magazine Physique Pictorial, which premiered the images in the 1957 Spring issue under the pseudonym Tom, as it resembled his given name Touko. In the Winter issue later that year, editor Bob Mizer coined the credit Tom of Finland. One of his pieces was featured on the Spring 1957 cover, depicting two log drivers at work with a third man watching them. Pulled from the Finnish mythology of lumberjacks representing strong masculinity, Laaksonen emphasized and privileged "homoerotic potentiality relocating it in a gay context", a strategy repeated throughout his career.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The post-World War II era saw the rise of the biker culture as rejecting "the reorganization and normalization of life after the war, with its conformist, settled lifestyle." Biker subculture was both marginal and oppositional and provided postwar gay men with a stylized masculinity that included rebelliousness and danger. This was in contrast to the then-prevailing stereotypes of gay man as an effeminate sissy, as seen in vaudeville and films going back to the first years of the industry. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Laaksonen was influenced by images of bikers as well as artwork of George Quaintance and Etienne, among others, that he cited as his precursors, "disseminated to gay readership through homoerotic physique magazines" starting in 1950. Laaksonen's drawings of bikers and leathermen capitalized on the leather and denim outfits which differentiated those men from mainstream culture and suggested they were untamed, physical, and self-empowered. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>This in contrast with the mainstream, medical and psychological sad and sensitive young gay man who is passive. Laaksonen's drawings of this time "can be seen as consolidating an array of factors, styles and discourses already existing in the 1950s gay subcultures," this may have led to them being widely distributed and popularized within those cultures</b></span><br />
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Tom-of-Finland_bio_cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Tom of Finland Life and Work of a Gay Hero" border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Tom-of-Finland_bio_cover.jpg" width="240" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Laaksonen's style and content in the late 1950s and early 1960s was partly influenced by the U.S. censorship codes that restricted depiction of "overt homosexual acts". His work was published in the beefcake genre that began in the 1930s and predominantly featured photographs of attractive, muscular young men in athletic poses often shown demonstrating exercises. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Their primary market was gay men, but because of the conservative and homophobic social culture of the era, gay pornography was illegal and the publications were typically presented as dedicated to physical fitness and health. They were often the only connection that closeted men had to their sexuality. By this time, however, Laaksonen was rendering private commissions, so more explicit work was produced but remained unpublished.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In the 1962 case of MANual Enterprises v. Day the United States Supreme Court ruled that nude male photographs were not inherently obscene. Softcore gay pornography magazines and films featuring fully nude models, some of them tumescent, quickly appeared and the pretense of being about exercise and fitness was dropped as controls on pornography were reduced. By the end of the 1960s the market for beefcake magazines collapsed. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Laaksonen was able to publish his more overtly homoerotic work and it changed the context with "new possibilities and conventions for displaying frontal male nudity in magazines and movies." Laaksonen reacted by publishing more explicit drawings and stylized his figures' fantastical aspects with exaggerated physical aspects, particularly their genitals and muscles. In the late 1960s he developed Kake, a character appearing in an ongoing series of comics, which debuted in 1968.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>With the decriminalization of male nudity, gay pornography became more mainstream in gay cultures, and Laaksonen's work along with it. By 1973, he was publishing erotic comic books and making inroads to the mainstream art world with exhibitions. In 1973 he gave up his full-time job at the Helsinki office of McCann-Erickson, an international advertising firm. "Since then I've lived in jeans and lived on my drawings," is how he described the lifestyle transition which occurred during this period.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>By the mid-1970s he was also emphasizing a photorealistic style, making aspects of the drawings appear more photographic. Many of his drawings are based on photographs, but none are exact reproductions of them. The photographic inspiration is used, on the one hand, to create lifelike, almost moving images, with convincing and active postures and gestures while Laaksonen exaggerates physical features and presents his ideal of masculine beauty and sexual allure, combining realism with fantasy.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In Daddy and the Muscle Academy – The Art, Life, and Times of Tom of Finland examples of photographs and the drawings based upon them are shown side by side. Although he considered the photographs to be merely reference tools for his drawings, contemporary art students have seen them as complete works of art that stand on their own.</b></span><br />
<img height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/TomsRoom-C11.jpg" width="324" /><br />
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Tom of Finland's room at the Tom of Finland Foundation's house in Los Angeles, 2002; photographed by Henning von Berg.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In 1979, Laaksonen, with businessman and friend Durk Dehner, co-founded the Tom of Finland Company to preserve the copyright on his art, which had been widely pirated. In 1984 the Tom of Finland Foundation was established to collect, preserve, and exhibit homoerotic artwork. Although Laaksonen was quite successful at this point, with his biography on the best-seller list, and Benedikt Taschen, the world's largest art book publisher reprinting and expanding a monograph of his works, he was most proud of the Foundation. The scope of the organization expanded to erotic works of all types, sponsored contests, exhibits, and started the groundwork for a museum of erotic art.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Laaksonen was diagnosed with emphysema in 1988. Eventually the disease and medication caused his hands to tremble, leading him to switch mediums from pencil to pastels. He died in 1991 due to an emphysema-induced stroke</b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-58156420148238456812018-09-26T01:14:00.003+03:002018-09-26T01:14:44.503+03:00Marston Mat<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Marston Mat , properly pierced (or perforated ) steel planking (PSP), is standardized, perforated steel matting material originally developed by the United States at the Waterways Experiment Station shortly before World War II, primarily for the rapid construction of temporary runways and landing strips (also misspelled as Marsden matting). The nickname came from Marston, North Carolina, adjacent to Camp Mackall airfield where the material was first used. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Pierced steel planking consisted of steel strips with punched lightening holes in it. These holes were in rows, and a formation of U -shaped channels between the holes. Hooks were formed along one long edge and slots along the other long edge so that adjacent mats could be connected. The short edges were cut straight with no holes or hooks. To achieve lengthwise interlocking, the mats were laid in a staggered pattern.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img height="299" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/AWM_026647_P-40_Milne.jpg" width="400" /><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The hooks were usually held in the slots by a steel clip that filled the part of the slot that is empty when the adjacent sheets are properly engaged. The holes were bent up at their edges so that the beveled edge stiffened the area around the hole. In some mats a T -shaped stake could be driven at intervals through the holes to keep the assembly in place on the ground. Sometimes the sheets were welded together.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>A typical later PSP was the M8 landing mat. A single piece weighed about 66 pounds and was 10 ft (3.0 m) long by 15 in (0.38 m) wide. The hole pattern for the sheet was three holes wide by 29 holes long, resulting in 87 holes per mat.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle marston mat" height="292" src="http://media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/b0/e0/aa/b0e0aaaf2f5f81f3ba5be45efc804607.jpg" width="400" /><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The M9 mat, made from aluminum, was produced to allow easier transportation by aircraft, since it weighed about two-thirds as much. Aluminum plank was referred to as PAP, for perforated aluminum planking, but was and is not as common. Aluminum was a controlled strategic material during World War II, so much less was made; it was typically only able to handle half as many loading cycles as steel, and its high scrap value and short usable life led to recycling rather than reuse.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>After the war, PSP was used by many southeastern US auto racing teams, since it was manufactured in the area, and available from many abandoned military airfields. It was also used during a similar period when NASCAR teams used car trailers.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img height="271" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Aircrew_of_No._16_Squadron_SAAF_and_No._227_Squadron_RAF_sitting_in_front_of_a_Bristol_Beaufighter_at_Biferno%2C_Italy%2C_prior_to_taking_off_to_attack_a_German_headquarters_building_in_Dubrovnik%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_14_August_1944._C5894.jpg/1024px-thumbnail.jpg" width="400" /></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>World War II </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Marston Mat was extensively used during World War II by Army engineers and Seabees (construction battalions) to build runways and other readily usable surfaces over all kinds of terrain. An early in-theatre use of PSP was in constructing a 5,000 foot runway on Greenland's 'Bluie West One' (BW-1), an Allied Ferry Command and USAAF airfield located on the extreme southwest corner of Greenland, at the termination of Eriksfjord, and near the coastal community of Narsarsuaq.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Construction began in early fall 1941, and the first aircraft landed on Jan 24, 1942. Deemed a success, it was then used extensively in the Pacific Theater of Operations. A C-47 Skytrain supply aircraft was the first plane to land on the first steel-mat runway constructed in France after the invasion of Normandy.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On Pacific islands the matting was typically covered with crushed and rolled coral or soil to form a level surface. The perforated and channeled design of the matting created strength and rigidity and facilitated drainage. A runway two hundred feet wide and 5000 feet (1500 m) long could be created within two days by a small team of engineers.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img height="278" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Marston_mat_re-purposed_as_fencing_in_the_philippines.jpg/1024px-Marston_mat_re-purposed_as_fencing_in_the_philippines.jpg" width="400" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>A huge amount of Marston mats were left behind by the U.S. forces after World War II in the Philippines. Many of these were re-purposed as fencing material in housing projects that were built after the war. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>This one, behind the little boy, is located in a housing development in the 1950s that was initially referred to as "Project One", but later came to be known as Kamuning, Quezon City, near Manila. Photo is dated May 1965.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Berlin Airlift </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>At the start of the Berlin Airlift the runways at Tempelhof Airport in the US Zone of Berlin were made of PSP. Designed to support fighters and smaller cargo aircraft, the Douglas C-54 Skymaster that formed the backbone of the US effort was too heavy for the PSP. Berliners were hired to fix the runway between the three-minute arrivals, running onto the runways with bags of sand to dump onto the mats and soften the surface.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Vietnam era </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>With the deployment of jet aircraft and helicopters, foreign object damage (FOD) became a larger hazard. In moist tropical areas, such as Vietnam, vegetation growing through the mats also became an issue. Jet blast or rotor downdraft could stir up loose materials on the ground, which might then be sucked into jet inlets, and vegetation required mowing or herbicides. The M8A1 mat was developed to prevent this, omitting the pierced holes that exposed the soil beneath. This mat has a solid surface, strengthened by corrugations that also encouraged the drainage of rainwater. The mat size also changed to be 22 by 144 inches (560 mm × 3,660 mm).</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Later mats were developed in a lightweight aluminum version, 24 by 144 inches (610 mm × 3,660 mm). This was made as a hollow extrusion, rather than pressed. Aluminum matting allows greater quantities to be airlifted. Its greater scrap value encourages theft, so steel is preferred for larger or long-term installations.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Landing mats of all types were widely used for construction of bunker roofs and for reinforcing field fortifications, as well as service roads inside fire support bases.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Large quantities of matting were produced; approximately 2 million tons costing more than US$200 million (in the 1940s). At the end of the war a large amount of the material remained as war surplus and was pressed into use in various civil engineering applications such as road and bridge construction. As they were made from steel with a high manganese content, the matting was also highly resistant to corrosion. In various countries located in the Pacific Theatre, particularly in the Philippines and Papua New Guinea, matting still remains in use as fencing or roadway barriers, in some cases stretching for miles.</b></span><br />
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maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-48928812712210654022018-09-22T08:41:00.000+03:002018-09-22T08:41:14.822+03:00Corregidor<div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Battle of Corregidor (Filipino: Labanan and Corregidor), which fought on May 5-6, 1942, was the culmination of the Japanese campaign to conquer the Commonwealth of the Philippines during the Second World War.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bataan's April 9, 1942, the fall of all the US military forces in the Far East organized by the opposition invading Japanese forces in Luzon, northern Philippines. The Corregidor Island Fort, whose tunnel network and the huge Defense Forces, as well as the forts over the entrance to Manila Bay, were the remaining barrier to the 14th Imperial Group of the United Nations, Masaharu Hama. Homman had to take Corregidor because as long as the island remained in American hands, the Japanese were denied the use of the Manila Bay, the finest natural harbor in the Far East</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3iyD-JPRVN4/W6WjIBTL95I/AAAAAAAAgE8/f7-Wl8KcujwHCvqZJrL4lGeeSWGhTMFhACEwYBhgL/s1600/corre.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="927" height="275" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3iyD-JPRVN4/W6WjIBTL95I/AAAAAAAAgE8/f7-Wl8KcujwHCvqZJrL4lGeeSWGhTMFhACEwYBhgL/s400/corre.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Corregidor, officially named Fort Mills, was the largest of four fortified islands protecting the mouth of Manila Bay and had been fortified prior to World War I with powerful coastal artillery. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle us guns battle of corregidor" height="171" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ_c1SGdMmlSSIJ91MhyZBedmBUsdt7MZ9t9Z5kXwsvXl8Zqo31RQ" width="400" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Some 5.6 km long and 2.4 km across at its head, the tadpole-shaped island was 3.2 km from Bataan. Its widest and elevated area, known as Topside, held most of the fort's 56 coastal artillery pieces and installation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Middleside was a small plateau containing battery positions as well as barracks. Bottomside was the lower area, where a dock area and the civilian town of San Jose were located. Americans called it "The Rock" or even the " Gibraltar of the East", comparing it to the fortress that guards the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Africa.</span></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Correg-malinta-tunnel-inter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="File:Correg-malinta-tunnel-inter.jpg" border="0" height="310" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Correg-malinta-tunnel-inter.jpg" width="400" /></a>The tunnel system under Malinta Hill was the most extensive construction on Corregidor. It contained a main east-west passage 252 m long with a 7.3 m diameter, in addition to 25 lateral passages, each about 120 m long, which branched out at regular intervals from each side of the main passage. A separate system of tunnels north of this housed the underground hospital. It had 12 laterals (tunnels) and space for 1,000 beds. The facility could be reached either through the main tunnel or by a separate outside entrance on the north side of Malinta Hill. The Navy tunnel system, which lay opposite the hospital, under the south side of Malinta was connected to the main tunnel by a partially completed low passageway through the quartermaster storage lateral.</div>
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East of this was Malinta Tunnel, the location of General Douglas MacArthur 's headquarters (Lieutenant General Jonathan M. Wainwright 's headquarters during the battle, after MacArthur relocated to Australia on 12 March 1942). Reinforced with concrete walls, floors, and overhead arches, it also had blowers to furnish fresh air, and a double-track electric tramway line along the east-west passage. The Malinta Tunnel furnished bombproof shelters for the hospital, headquarters, and shops, as well as a maze of underground storehouses.</div>
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<img alt="File:Gun Emplacement On Corregidor 3-inch antiaircraft gun M3.jpg" height="250" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Gun_Emplacement_On_Corregidor_3-inch_antiaircraft_gun_M3.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<b>The defensive arsenal on Corregidor was formidable with 45 coastal guns and mortars organized into 23 batteries, some seventy-two anti-aircraft weapons assigned to thirteen batteries and a minefield of approximately 35 groups of controlled mines. The two 305 mm guns of Batteries Smith and Hearn, with a horizontal range of 27,000 m and all-around traverse were the longest range of all the island's artillery.</b></div>
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<b>Caballo Island, with Fort Hughes - just south of Corregidor - was the next largest in area. At about 65 ha, the island rose abruptly from the bay to a height of 120 m on its western side. Commander Francis J. Bridget was in charge of its beach defenses with a total of 800 men, of whom 93 were Marines and 443 belonged to the Navy, by the end of April 1942. Coastal artillery numbered some 13 assorted pieces, with its anti-aircraft defenses tied in with those of Corregidor.</b></div>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Corregidor_mortar.jpg/419px-Corregidor_mortar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="File:Corregidor mortar.jpg" border="0" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/Corregidor_mortar.jpg/419px-Corregidor_mortar.jpg" width="279" /></a><b>Fort Drum - which lay about 6.4 km south of Fort Hughes - was the most unusual of the harbor defenses. Military engineers had cut away the entire top of El Fraile Island down to the water-line and used the island as a foundation to build a reinforced concrete "battleship", 110 m long and 44 m wide, with exterior walls of concrete and steel 7.6 - 11.0 m thick. </b><br />
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<b>The top deck of this concrete battleship was 12 m above the low-water mark and had 6.1 m thick walls. Equipped with four 356 mm guns in armored turrets facing seaward, a secondary battery of four casemated 152 mm guns, and two antiaircraft guns, the fort with its 200-man garrison was considered impregnable to attack.</b><br />
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<b>This mortar located at Corregidor Island's Battery Way is one of the armaments used in the defense of the Philippine island during World War II. >>>></b><br />
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<b>Mortars at Corregidor's Battery Way could be rotated to fire in any direction</b></div>
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<b>The last - Carabao Island - lay only 460 m from the shores of Cavite Province. Except at one point along its eastern shore, the island rises precipitously from the sea in cliffs more than 30 m high. The Americans had placed Fort Frank on this island, which late in 1941, had a military garrison of about 400 men, mostly Philippine Scouts. Its armament consisted of two 356 mm guns, eight 305 mm mortars, four 155 mm GPFs, as well as anti-aircraft and beach defense weapons.</b></div>
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<b>All four forts in Manila Bay - as well as Fort Wint in Subic Bay - had been formed before the war into an organization called the Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays, which by August 1941 became a part of the Philippine Coast Artillery Command. Both were under Major General George F. Moore who also commanded the Corregidor garrison. The 5,700 men of the Harbor Defense Force were assigned to four Coast Artillery Regiments: the 59th, 60th, 91st, and 92nd CA (the 60th CA being an antiaircraft artillery unit and the 91st and 92d CA Philippine Scouts units), plus headquarters and service troops.</b></div>
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<b>About 500 Philippine Army soldiers in training were organized into the 1st and 2nd Coast Artillery Regiments (PA), but operated under the control of the two PS regiments. Gen. Moore organized the force into four commands to exercise tactical control: seaward defense, and North and South Channels defense, under Colonel Paul D. Bunker; anti-aircraft and air warning defenses under Col. Theodore M. Chase, and inshore patrol under Captain Kenneth M. Hoeffel of the US Navy's 16th Naval District.</b></div>
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<b>After their evacuation from Olongapo in Zambales, close to Subic Naval Base on December 26, the 4th Marine Regiment - under the command of Col. Samuel L. Howard - became the primary fighting unit on the island. Corregidor's garrison received the largest group of reinforcements right after the fall of Bataan, with some 72 officers and 1,173 enlisted men from more than fifty different units were integrated and assigned to the 4th Marine Regiment. Few of the reinforcements were trained or equipped for ground combat. By April 30, 1942, the 4th Marines actually numbered 229 officers and 3,770 men, of whom only 1,500 were members of the Corps.</b></div>
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<img alt="Corregidor gun.jpg" height="226" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Corregidor_gun.jpg/300px-Corregidor_gun.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<b> Victorious Japanese troops stop the Hearn Battery, May 6, 1942</b><br />
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<b>On December 29, 1941, the defenders got their first taste of aerial bombardment on Corregidor. The attack lasted for two hours as the Japanese destroyed or damaged the hospital, Topside and Bottomside barracks, the Navy fuel depot and the officers club. Three days later, the island garrison was bombed for more than three hours.</b></div>
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<b>Periodic bombing continued over the next four days, but with only two more raids for the rest of January, the defenders had a chance to improve their positions considerably. To the amusement of the beach defenders on Corregidor, the Japanese dropped only propaganda leaflets on January 29. On March 12, under cover of darkness, Gen. MacArthur was evacuated from Corregidor, using four PT boats bound for Mindanao , from where he was eventually flown to Australia. </b></div>
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<b>He left Lt. Gen Jonathan M. Wainwright in command in the Philippines.</b></div>
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<b>From December 29 to the end of April 1942, despite incessant Japanese aerial, naval and artillery bombardment, the garrison on Corregidor, which consisted of the 4th Marine Regiment and combined units from the United States Army, the US Navy, and locally recruited Filipino soldiers, resisted valiantly, inflicting heavy enemy losses in men and aircraft.</b></div>
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<b>The defenders were living on about 30 ounces of food per day. Drinking water was distributed only twice a day, but the constant bombing and shelling often interrupted the distribution of rations. When the bombardment killed horses of the Cavalry, the men would drag the carcasses down to the mess hall and they would be eaten. The continued lack of proper diet created problems for the Corregidor garrison, as men weakened and lacked reliable night vision. From Cebu, seven private maritime ships under orders from the army, loaded with a supply of food, sailed towards Corregidor. Of the seven ships, only one reached the island, the MV Princessa commanded by 3rd Lieutenant Zosimo Cruz (USAFFE).</b></div>
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<b>Japanese artillery bombardment of Corregidor began immediately after the fall of Bataan on 9 April. It became intense over the next few weeks as more guns were brought up, and one day's shelling was said to equal all the bombing raids combined in damage inflicted. However, after an initial response from a 155 mm GPF battery, Lt. Gen. Wainwright prohibited counterbattery fire for three days, fearing there were wounded POWs on Bataan who might be killed. </b></div>
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<b>Japanese bombing and shelling continued with unrelenting ferocity. Japanese aircraft flew 614 missions, dropping 1,701 bombs totaling some 365 tons of explosive. Joining the aerial bombardment were nine 240 mm howitzers, thirty-four 149 mm howitzers, and 32 other artillery pieces, which pounded Corregidor day and night. It was estimated that on May 4 alone, more than 16,000 shells hit Corregidor. </b></div>
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<b>As of about April 15, 1942, the combined strength of the four fortified islands - including US Army, Philippine Scouts, Philippine Army, US Marine Corps, US Navy, Philippine Navy, and civilians - totaled about 14,728. </b></div>
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<b>----</b><br />
<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle battle of bataan" src="http://ttnotes.com/images/battle-of-bataan-museum-bataan-peninsula-2.jpg" height="266" width="400" /></div>
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<b>From April 28, a concentrated aerial bombardment by the 22nd Air Brigade of Maj. Gen. Kizon Mikami - supported by ground artillery on Bataan from May 1 - 5, preceded landing operations.</b></div>
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<b>On the night of 4 May a submarine returning to Australia from patrol evacuated 25 persons. Among the passengers were Colonel Constant Irwin, who carried a complete roster of all Army, Navy, and Marine personnel still alive; Col. Royal G. Jenks, a finance officer, with financial accounts; Col. Milton A. Hill, the inspector general, 3 other Army and 6 Navy officers, and about 13 nurses. Included in the cargo sent from Corregidor were several bags of mail, the last to go out of the Philippines, and "many USAFFE and USFIP records and orders." </b></div>
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<b>Japanese propaganda to its home population repeatedly declared in this period that Corregidor was about to fall, followed by weeks of silence when did not happen. Imperial General Headquarters finally declared that the resistance was becoming a serious embarrassment. </b></div>
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<b>On May 5, Japanese forces led by Maj. Gen. Kureo Taniguchi boarded landing craft and barges and headed for the final assault on Corregidor. Shortly before midnight, intense shelling struck the beaches between North Point and Cavalry Point. The initial landing of 790 Japanese soldiers quickly bogged down due to surprisingly fierce resistance from the American and Filipino defenders, whose 37 mm artillery exacted a heavy toll on the invasion fleet.</b></div>
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<b>The Japanese landing was difficult because of the strong sea currents between Bataan and Corregidor, as well as the layers of oil that covered the beaches from ships sunk earlier in the siege. They had considerable trouble landing personnel and equipment. However, the sheer numbers of the Japanese infantry, equipped with 50 mm grenade launchers ("knee mortars"), eventually forced the defenders to pull back from the beach.</b></div>
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<b>The second battalion of 785 Japanese soldiers was not as successful. They landed east of North Point, where the defensive positions held by the 4th Marines Regiment were stronger. Most of the Japanese officers were quickly killed, and the huddled survivors were hit with hand grenades, machine guns, and rifle fire. Nevertheless, some of the landing managed to unite with the first invasion force, and together they moved inland and had captured the Denver Battery by 01:30 on May 6.</b></div>
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<b>The Americans launched a counterattack to eject the Japanese from the Denver Battery, and this saw the heaviest fighting between the opposing forces, virtually hand to hand. A few reinforcements made their way to the 4th Marines, but the battle became a duel with the old World War I style grenades against the deadly accurate Japanese knee mortars. Unless reinforced, the battle would soon go against the Marines.</b></div>
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<img alt="File: Correg-Japani-landing.jpg" height="245" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Correg-japanese-landing.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<b> Japanese troops landing on Corregidor</b><br />
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<b>By 04:30, Colonel Howard had committed his last reserves, consisting of about 500 Marines, a few sailors, and the soldiers of the 4th Battalion. These reinforcement tried to join the battle as quickly as possible, but Japanese snipers had slipped behind the front lines and any movement was very costly. To make matters worse, another 880 Japanese reinforcements arrived at 05:30. The 4th Marines held their positions, but the Americans were losing ground in other areas. The Japanese had a problem of their own: several ammunition crates never made the landing. As a result, several Japanese attacks and counterattacks were made using bayonets.</b></div>
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<b>The defenders' final blow came at 09:30, when three Japanese tanks were landed and immediately went into action. The men of Denver Battery withdrew to the ruins of a concrete trench a few yards from the entrance to Malinta tunnel. At the same moment, Japanese artillery delivered a heavy barrage. Aware of the consequences if the Japanese captured the tunnel, where about 1,000 helpless wounded men lay, and realizing the Malinta tunnel could not hold out much longer, Lt. Gen. Jonathan Wainright knew that more Japanese would be landed at night. He decided to sacrifice one more day of freedom in exchange for several thousand lives.</b></div>
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<b>In a radio message to President Franklin Roosevelt , Wainwright said, "There is a limit of human endurance, and that point has long been passed." Colonel Howard burned the 4th Marine Regiment's flag as well as the national colors to prevent their capture. Wainwright surrendered the Corregidor garrison at about 1:30 pm on May 6, 1942, with two officers sent forward with a white flag to carry his surrender message to the Japanese.</b></div>
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<b>The Japanese losses from January 1 – April 30 and from the initial assault landings on May 5/6, were about 900 dead and 1,200 wounded, while the defenders suffered 800 dead and 1,000 wounded.</b></div>
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<img alt="Aiheeseen liittyvä kuva" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Surrender_of_American_troops_at_Corregidor%2C_Philippine_Islands%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535553.jpg" width="374" /></div>
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<b>Corregidor's defeat marked the fall of the Philippines and Asia, but Imperial Japan's timetable for the </b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">conquest of Australia and the rest of the Pacific was severely upset. Its advance was ultimately checked at the battle for New Guinea, and at Guadalcanal, the turning point in the Pacific War.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">About 4,000 of the 11,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war from Corregidor were marched through the streets of Manila to incarceration at Fort Santiago and Bilibid Prison, criminal detention centers turned POW camps. US Army and Navy nurses (the "Angels of Bataan and Corregidor") continued to work on Corregidor for several weeks, and were then sent to Santo Tomas. </span></b></div>
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<img alt="Tiedosto: Amerflag001 pp1 01.jpg" height="301" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Amerflag001_pp1_01.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The rest were sent off in trains to various Japanese prison camps. General Wainwright was incarcerated in Manchuria. Over the course of the war, thousands were shipped to the Japanese home islands as slave labor. Some were eventually freed at the Raid at Cabanatuan and during the battle for Manila's liberation. While most of the Allied forces on Corregidor surrendered, many individuals continued fighting as guerrillas .</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">General Masaharu Homma, who conquered the Philippines in five months instead of the projected two, ended up being relieved of his command.</span></b></div>
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maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-31946664196251063962018-09-21T10:54:00.002+03:002018-09-21T20:21:30.585+03:00Battle of Lake Khasan<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Halhamiao Orahodoga Tauran Kanchazu Island Lake Khasan Khalkhin Gol Kantokuen</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Battle of Lake Khasan (July 29 – August 11, 1938), also known as the Changkufeng Incident (Russian: Хасанские бои, Chinese and Japanese: 張鼓峰事件; Chinese Pinyin: Zhānggǔfēng Shìjiàn; Japanese Romaji: Chōkohō Jiken) in China and Japan, was an attempted military incursion by Manchukuo (Japanese) into the territory claimed by the Soviet Union.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>This incursion was founded in the belief of the Japanese side, that the Soviet Union misinterpreted the demarcation of the boundary based on the Treaty of Peking between Imperial Russia and the Qing Dynasty China (and subsequent supplementary agreements on demarcation) and that the demarcation markers were tampered with. Japanese forces occupied the disputed area but withdrew after heavy fighting and a diplomatic settlement.</b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">------------</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanin_taistelut" target="_blank">Khasanin taistelu</a> (Finnish)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">------------</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>For most of the first half of the twentieth century, there was considerable tension between the Russian (later Soviet), Chinese and Japanese governments, along their common borders in what became North East China. The Chinese Eastern Railway or (CER) was a railway in northeastern China (Manchuria). It connected China and the Russian Far East. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The southern branch of the CER, known in the West as the South Manchuria Railway, became the locus and partial casus belli for the Russo-Japanese War and subsequent incidents, leading to the Second Sino-Japanese War and Soviet-Japanese Border Wars. Larger incidents included the Sino-Soviet conflict of 1929 and the Mukden Incident between Japan and China in 1931. The battle of Lake Khasan was fought between two powers which had long mistrusted each other.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The confrontation was triggered when the Soviet Far East Army and Soviet State Security (NKVD) Border Guard reinforced its Khasan border with Manchuria. This was prompted in part by the defection one month before, of Soviet General GS Lyushkov, in charge of all NKVD forces in the Soviet Far East at Hunchun, in the Tumen River Area. He provided the Japanese with intelligence on the poor state of Soviet Far Eastern forces and the purge of army officers.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Camouflaged Soviet tanks</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On July 6, 1938 the Japanese Kwantung Army decoded a message sent by the Russian commander in the Posyet region to Soviet headquarters in Khabarovsk. The message recommended that Russian soldiers be allowed to secure unoccupied high ground west of Lake Khasan, most notably the disputed Changkufeng Heights, because it would be advantageous for the Soviets to occupy terrain which overlooked the Korean port-city of Rajin, as well as strategic railways linking Korea to Manchuria. In the next two weeks, small groups of Soviet border troops moved into the area and began fortifying the mountain with emplacements, observation trenches, entanglements and communication facilities.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>At first, the Japanese Korean Army, which had been assigned to defend the area, disregarded the Soviet advance. However, the Kwantung Army, whose administrative jurisdiction overlapped Changkufeng, pushed the Korean Army to take more action, because it was suspicious of Soviet intentions. Following this, the Korean Army took the matter to Tokyo, recommending that a formal protest be sent to the Soviet Union.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The conflict started on July 15, when the Japanese attaché in Moscow demanded the removal of Soviet border troops from the Bezymyannaya (сопка Безымянная, Chinese name: Shachaofeng) and Zaozyornaya (сопка Заозёрная, Chinese name: Changkufeng) Hills to the west of Lake Khasan in the south of Primorye not far from Vladivostok, claiming this territory by the Soviet – Korea border; the demand was rejected. </b></span><br />
<table class="infobox vevent" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Battle of Lake Khasan</span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Soviet - Japan conflights</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_soldiers_setting_the_flag_on_the_Zaozernaya_Hill.jpg&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhiWMNubFYvHhOpC2bpwa2PqgiZqMg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Battle of Lake Khasan-Red Army soldiers setting the flag on the Zaozernaya Hill.jpg" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="545" height="294" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_soldiers_setting_the_flag_on_the_Zaozernaya_Hill.jpg/200px-Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_soldiers_setting_the_flag_on_the_Zaozernaya_Hill.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_soldiers_setting_the_flag_on_the_Zaozernaya_Hill.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_soldiers_setting_the_flag_on_the_Zaozernaya_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_soldiers_setting_the_flag_on_the_Zaozernaya_Hill.jpg/400px-Battle_of_Lake_Khasan-Red_Army_soldiers_setting_the_flag_on_the_Zaozernaya_Hill.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><br />
<span class="notranslate">Lieutenant IN Moshlyak and two Soviet soldiers on Zaozyornaya Hill after the battle <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhgrCIhHEB-VR-Ye6fXmULL0mO-0gw#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[</a></sup></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><table style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 303px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Date</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">July 29 – August 11, 1938</span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Location</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate"><span class="location"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Khasan&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhj7Tyo5sDEKZH_1FIUI8r3U0zHYSA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lake Khasan">Lake Khasan</a>, <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhj8Ti9XFhqV3PFRm1rrU0R1wraQPA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Result</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Stalemate, ceasefire </span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Territorial</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">changes</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="notranslate">Soviets reoccupy Changkufeng </span></div>
<span class="notranslate">Soviet-Korean border set at <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumen_River&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhgviSAJ-mTOFuLEAcnxrp8lIW77GQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tumen River">Tumen River</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Belligerents</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="600" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhj8Ti9XFhqV3PFRm1rrU0R1wraQPA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="700" data-file-width="1000" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjfEgf8ZCCJwrLLB6xu9hg9lUce4Q" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Commanders and leaders</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Blyukher&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhg4HPOV0vIT7TunzWhMvVn877d3KQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vasily Blyukher">Vasily Blyukher</a></span> <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjE14PpxJnCm8auWeWx9n5uCfILKA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" data-file-height="490" data-file-width="510" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Skull_and_crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_crossbones.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Skull_and_crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Skull_and_crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_crossbones.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="14" /></a><br />
<span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Berzarin&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhhH9Z0NbgAKU2lSlcYWuGxdMknVcA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nikolai Berzarin">Nikolai Berzarin</a></span><br />
<span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_Shtern&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhi02kwc2JchMN1ltzJ3eYAjUf4-dQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grigori Shtern">Grigori Shtern</a></span> <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjE14PpxJnCm8auWeWx9n5uCfILKA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" data-file-height="490" data-file-width="510" height="13" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Skull_and_crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_crossbones.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Skull_and_crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Skull_and_crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_crossbones.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="14" /></a></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="notranslate">Suetaka Kamezo</span><br />
<span class="notranslate"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotoku_Sato&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjGkL8jlGayMcvt_xGg8O4eKt5hLQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kotoku Sato">Kotoku Sato</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Strength</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="notranslate">22,950 troops </span><br />
<span class="notranslate">354 tanks</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">13 self-propelled guns</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">237 artillery pieces</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">250 aircraft (including 180 bombers) </span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="notranslate">7,000–7,300 troops </span><br />
<span class="notranslate">37 artillery pieces </span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Casualties and losses</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="notranslate">792 killed and missing</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">3,279 wounded and sick </span><br />
<span class="notranslate">96 tanks destroyed or crippled (Japanese sources) <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhgrCIhHEB-VR-Ye6fXmULL0mO-0gw#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></span><br />
<span class="notranslate">46+ tanks destroyed (Soviet sources) </span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="notranslate">526 killed <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhgrCIhHEB-VR-Ye6fXmULL0mO-0gw#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; font-size: 9.856px; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;">[</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><br /></span></span></sup></span><span class="notranslate">913 wounded </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br />Battle </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Japanese 19th Division along with some Manchukuo units took on the Soviet 39th Rifle Corps under Grigori Shtern (eventually consisting of the 32nd, 39th and 40th Rifle Divisions, the 2nd Mechanised Brigade and two tank battalions). One of the Japanese Army Commanders at the battle was Colonel Kotoku Sato, the commander of the 75th Infantry Regiment. Lieutenant General Suetaka Kamezo gave Sato an order: "You are to mete out a firm and thorough counterattack without fail, once you gather that the enemy is advancing even in the slightest". The hidden meaning of this was that Sato had been ordered to expel the Soviets from Changkufeng. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On July 31, Sato's regiment launched a night sortie on the fortified hill. In the Changkufeng sector, 1,114 Japanese engaged a Soviet garrison of 300, eliminating them and knocking out 10 tanks, with casualties of 34 killed and 99 wounded. In the Shachofeng sector, 379 Japanese surprised and routed another 300 Soviet troops, while knocking out 7 tanks, for 11 killed and 34 wounded. Thousands more Japanese soldiers from the 19th division arrived, dug in, and requested reinforcements. High Command rejected the request, as they knew General Suetaka would use these forces to assault vulnerable Soviet positions, escalating the incident. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Japanese troops defended the disputed area. In 1933, the Japanese had designed and built a "Rinji Soko Ressha" (Special Armoured Train). The train was deployed at "2nd Armoured Train Unit" in Manchuria and participated in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Changkufeng conflict against the Soviets, transporting thousands of Japanese troops to and from the battlefield, displaying to the west the capability of an Asian nation to implement western ideas and doctrine concerning rapid infantry deployment and transport.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZPH-jC--WAI/W6SdfMB7zcI/AAAAAAAAgC0/ycXiLA4B8XAqn9V4OpJqbIK8z11mR_kHwCEwYBhgL/s1600/kha7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="180" data-original-width="320" height="225" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZPH-jC--WAI/W6SdfMB7zcI/AAAAAAAAgC0/ycXiLA4B8XAqn9V4OpJqbIK8z11mR_kHwCEwYBhgL/s400/kha7.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ykmOZt2PPzU/W6SeN1M2IPI/AAAAAAAAgDs/e1WY65ABdtEb13_jWIq1q_pkQf227vYnACEwYBhgL/s1600/kha1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="186" data-original-width="272" height="273" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ykmOZt2PPzU/W6SeN1M2IPI/AAAAAAAAgDs/e1WY65ABdtEb13_jWIq1q_pkQf227vYnACEwYBhgL/s400/kha1.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u4FOK0_HacA/W6Sd_kHWTVI/AAAAAAAAgDs/6AWVbM884qQ7kkeM1h7-mpL-eeV8LJCygCEwYBhgL/s1600/kha4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="988" height="218" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u4FOK0_HacA/W6Sd_kHWTVI/AAAAAAAAgDs/6AWVbM884qQ7kkeM1h7-mpL-eeV8LJCygCEwYBhgL/s400/kha4.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mLT2bSu8u4g/W6SeEhBw42I/AAAAAAAAgDs/DzlPIz2PQOU3uWBTHZOTS8TqarhzegznACEwYBhgL/s1600/kha3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="471" height="253" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mLT2bSu8u4g/W6SeEhBw42I/AAAAAAAAgDs/DzlPIz2PQOU3uWBTHZOTS8TqarhzegznACEwYBhgL/s400/kha3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On July 31, People's Commissar for Defence Kliment Voroshilov ordered combat readiness for 1st Coastal Army and the Pacific Fleet. The Soviets gathered 354 tanks and assault guns at Lake Khasan, including 257 T-26 tanks (with 10 KhT-26 flame-throwing tanks), 3 ST-26 bridge-laying tanks, 81 BT-7 light tanks and 13 SU-5-2 self-propelled guns. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span> <img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle BT-7 tank" height="235" src="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/d8/91/6a/d8916a77181b1999baa13f5861c409d5.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> BT-7 light tank. mod 1937</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span> <img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle t-26 tank" height="254" src="https://www.worldwarphotos.info/wp-content/gallery/ussr/tanks/t-26/T-26_tank_37.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> T-26, mod 1937</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span> <img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle SU 5-2" height="260" src="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/fc/e6/b1/fce6b1e0dd4cf9c47e981056d1d04441.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">SU-5-2, 122mm + T-26 bottoms</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span> <img alt="File:OT-26, rear.jpeg" height="287" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/OT-26%2C_rear.jpeg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> T-26 mod.1931 TKhP-3 Tank, chemical equipment</b></span><br />
<span class="notranslate" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px;"><br /></span> <img height="245" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OT-26%2C_front.jpeg/220px-OT-26%2C_front.jpeg" width="400" /><br />
<div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; color: #222222; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;">
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Kht-26 (OT-26 tank, mod 1933)</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span> <img alt="File:ST-26 Engineer Tank.jpg" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/ST-26_Engineer_Tank.jpg" width="339" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> ST-26 Tank, mod 1933.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The chief of the Far East Front, Vasily Blücher, arrived at the front line on August 2, 1938. Under his command, additional forces were moved up and from August 2–9, the Japanese forces at Changkufeng were attacked. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Such was the disparity of forces that one Japanese artillery commander observed that the Soviets fired more shells in one day than the Japanese did in the two-week affair. Despite this, the Japanese defenders organized an anti-tank defense, with disastrous results for the poorly coordinated Soviets, whose attacks were defeated with many casualties. </b></span><br />
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O6soJPTr2A0/W6SdWdPnHuI/AAAAAAAAgC0/JDypRymZWrIa5Y4EtpYqg_uc-k0HcYqvACEwYBhgL/s1600/jkh10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="344" data-original-width="296" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O6soJPTr2A0/W6SdWdPnHuI/AAAAAAAAgC0/JDypRymZWrIa5Y4EtpYqg_uc-k0HcYqvACEwYBhgL/s200/jkh10.jpg" width="171" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Thousands of Soviet troops were killed or wounded and at least 46 tanks were knocked out, with another 39 damaged to varying degrees. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Despite repelling the Soviet thrusts, it was clear that the local Japanese units would not be able to keep Changkufeng without widening the conflict. On August 10, Japanese <<< ambassador Mamoru Shigemitsu asked for peace. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Satisfied that the incident had been brought to an "honorable" conclusion, on August 11, 1938, at 13 hours 30 minutes local time the Japanese stopped fighting and Soviet forces reoccupied the heights. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>---------</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>More than 6,500 Soviet officers and soldiers were awarded the orders, decorations, and medals of the Soviet Union; 26 of them were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, and 95 were awarded the Order of Lenin.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Soviet losses totaled 792 killed or missing and 3,279 wounded, according to their records and the Japanese claimed to have destroyed or immobilized 96 enemy tanks and 30 guns. Soviet armored losses were significant, with dozens of tanks being knocked out or destroyed and hundreds of "tank troops" becoming casualties.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8HnDSlxrJdk/W6SdX_1vIoI/AAAAAAAAgC4/n3jS13k2kMcZ9LHxjI3GDdcpzjMaUWWJQCEwYBhgL/s1600/kha10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="175" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8HnDSlxrJdk/W6SdX_1vIoI/AAAAAAAAgC4/n3jS13k2kMcZ9LHxjI3GDdcpzjMaUWWJQCEwYBhgL/s200/kha10.jpg" width="138" /></a>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Japanese casualties, as revealed by secret Army General Staff statistics, were 1,439 casualties (526 killed or missing, 913 wounded); the Soviets claimed Japanese losses of 3,100, with 600 killed and 2,500 wounded. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Soviet losses were blamed on the incompetence of Vasily Blücher. On October 22, he was arrested by the NKVD and is thought to have been tortured to death. >>></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Japanese military, while seriously analyzing the results of the battle, engaged with the Soviets once more, with disastrous results, in the more extensive Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan) in the Soviet-Japanese Border War of 1939. This second engagement resulted in the defeat of the Japanese Sixth Army. After World War II , at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in 1946, thirteen high-ranking Japanese officials were charged with crimes against peace for their roles in initiating hostilities at Lake Khasan.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Ivan Pozharsky, posthumously awarded Hero of the Soviet Union for his participation in the battle</b></span>maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-57650336098018034422018-09-20T19:26:00.000+03:002018-09-20T19:50:13.313+03:00Operation Menace<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Operation Menace Battle of Dakar, also known as Battle of Dakar, was an unsuccessful attempt in September 1940 by the Allies to capture the strategic port of Dakar in French West Africa (modern-day Senegal). It was hoped that the success of the operation could overthrow the pro-German Vichy French administration in the colony, and be replaced by a pro-British Free French one under General Charles de Gaulle .</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>At the beginning of World War II, the French fleet in the Mediterranean was to have countered the Italian Navy, thereby leaving the British Royal Navy free to concentrate on the German warships in the North Sea and Atlantic.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>After the defeat of France and the conclusion of the armistice between France and Nazi Germany in June 1940, there was considerable confusion as to the allegiance of the various French colonies. Some, like Cameroon and French Equatorial Africa, joined the Free French, but others, including the North African colonies, French West Africa, Syria and Indochina, remained under Vichy control. The possibility that the French fleet might come under German control led the British to attack the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir on 3 July 1940. While the British had eliminated a potential threat, the attack discouraged other units from joining the Free French and Allies.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>De Gaulle believed that he could persuade the French forces in Dakar to join the Allied cause. Much would be gained by this. Another Vichy French colony changing sides would have great political impact. Also the gold reserves of the Banque de France and the Polish government in exile were stored in Dakar; and the port of Dakar was far superior as a naval base to Freetown, British Sierra Leone , which was the only Allied port in the area. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Thus the Allies decided to send a task force to Dakar: an aircraft carrier (HMS Ark Royal), two battleships (HMS Resolution and HMS Barham), five cruisers , ten destroyers , and several transports carrying 8,000 troops. Their orders were to negotiate with the French governor for a peaceful occupation, but if this was unsuccessful, to take the city by force.</b></span><br />
<table class="infobox vevent" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Battle of Dakar</span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">WW-II</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><table style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 303px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Date</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">23–25 September 1940</span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Location</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate" style="background-color: #e6ecf9;"><span class="location">Off <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhg93Sl1ZeyYkP9YtlFupmpc--9IgA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080;" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> , <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjp3OB_sAGCtTn6_IHYZv1dazktIg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Result</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Vichy French victory</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Belligerents</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjastqFeoJrq4dWplT_4gDnJdhz4A" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="640" data-file-width="1280" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhhK9HsRCEvOc07UKNr3jwturMKMFw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a></span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="450" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhhH-We2acPq8dfhIoi2j5iPUPKjqg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhj95qccYuTBIcrlHqcovRJ0GykB4g" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vichy France"><img alt="Vichy France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhj95qccYuTBIcrlHqcovRJ0GykB4g" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhj95qccYuTBIcrlHqcovRJ0GykB4g" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vichy France"><img alt="Vichy France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjp3OB_sAGCtTn6_IHYZv1dazktIg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a></span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Commanders and leaders</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjastqFeoJrq4dWplT_4gDnJdhz4A" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._D._Cunningham&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhiS2OJikJ0cpdTQq8xGXX7zXJoUKQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John H. D. Cunningham">John Cunningham</a></span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhhH-We2acPq8dfhIoi2j5iPUPKjqg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="450" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhibJiq9aaUPN7Z3p2nE1AL1JkD0YQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhj95qccYuTBIcrlHqcovRJ0GykB4g" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vichy France"><img alt="Vichy France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a class="new" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DPierre_Fran%25C3%25A7ois_Boisson%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhhvMOn3xXiq5RGnu1zk9GuHDU7mjg" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pierre François Boisson (page does not exist)">Pierre François Boisson</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Strength</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="notranslate">2 battleships</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">5 cruisers</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">10 destroyers</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">1 aircraft carrier</span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="notranslate">1 battleship</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">2 cruisers</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">4 destroyers</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">3 submarines</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">coastal emplacements</span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Casualties and losses</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="notranslate">1 battleship crippled</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">1 battleship damaged</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">2 cruisers damaged</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">1 armed trawler sunk</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">6 torpedo planes lost</span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="notranslate">1 destroyer grounded</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">2 submarines sunk</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">1 battleship damaged</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Danish freighter MS<i>Tacoma</i> sunk </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Vichy forces present at Dakar included the unfinished battleship Richelieu , one of the most advanced warships in the French fleet, then about 95% complete. She had left Brest, France on 18 June, just before the Germans reached the port. Before the establishment of the Vichy government, HMS Hermes, a British aircraft carrier, had been operating with the French forces in Dakar. Once the Vichy regime was in power, however, Hermes left port but remained on watch, and was joined by the Australian heavy cruiser HMAS Australia. Aircraft from Hermes attacked Richelieu and had struck her once with a torpedo. The French ship was immobilized but was still able to function as a floating gun battery.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Yi846w7CT5Q/W6PJ6GMrWMI/AAAAAAAAgB0/OQA6hWwe5GoibBFmx_3KRVbUcIv_2btHwCEwYBhgL/s1600/menace1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="621" height="213" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Yi846w7CT5Q/W6PJ6GMrWMI/AAAAAAAAgB0/OQA6hWwe5GoibBFmx_3KRVbUcIv_2btHwCEwYBhgL/s400/menace1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Richelieu katapult at works</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Gm8WPdjWEqg/W6PJ7dJexZI/AAAAAAAAgBg/m-HvgNOhnpwCAgSUnrw1FpYuMJ4lL6O9wCEwYBhgL/s1600/menace2%2Brichekieu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="567" height="330" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Gm8WPdjWEqg/W6PJ7dJexZI/AAAAAAAAgBg/m-HvgNOhnpwCAgSUnrw1FpYuMJ4lL6O9wCEwYBhgL/s400/menace2%2Brichekieu.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-f1a1DL3PV3I/W6PJ9GtjgWI/AAAAAAAAgBk/i3QLf_FjWeMRDivawippYY89zpkD6WI9gCEwYBhgL/s1600/menace3%2Brich.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="608" height="271" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-f1a1DL3PV3I/W6PJ9GtjgWI/AAAAAAAAgBk/i3QLf_FjWeMRDivawippYY89zpkD6WI9gCEwYBhgL/s400/menace3%2Brich.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> Richelieu AA-guns</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>A force of three cruisers comprising (Gloire. Georges Leygues, and Montcalm) and three destroyers had left Toulon in southern France for Dakar just a few days earlier. Gloire was slowed by mechanical troubles and was intercepted by Australia which ordered the French cruiser to sail for Casablanca. The other two cruisers and the destroyers outran the pursuing Allied cruisers and reached Dakar safely. Three Vichy submarines and several lighter ships were also at Dakar.</b></span><br />
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<img alt="File:HMS Ark Royal h85716.jpg" height="266" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/HMS_Ark_Royal_h85716.jpg/800px-HMS_Ark_Royal_h85716.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>HMS Ark Royal with a flight of Fairey Swordfish</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On 23 September, the Fleet Air Arm dropped propaganda leaflets on the city of Dakar. Then Free French aircraft flew off Ark Royal and landed at the airport, but their crews were immediately taken prisoner. A boat with representatives of de Gaulle entered the port, but was fired upon. At 10:00, Vichy ships trying to leave the port were given warning shots from Australia. As the ships returned to port the coastal batteries opened fire on Australia. This led to an engagement between the British fleet and the batteries. In the afternoon Australia intercepted and fired on the Vichy destroyer L'Audacieux, setting her on fire and causing her to be beached.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Also in the afternoon, an attempt was made to set Free French troops ashore on a beach at Rufisque, to the south-east of Dakar. The attack failed due to fog and heavy fire from strongpoints defending the beach. General de Gaulle declared he did not want to "shed the blood of Frenchmen for Frenchmen" and called off the assault.</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1baX_OTyC3M/W6POJ4ToZ3I/AAAAAAAAgCM/hrc59xfXEFMDygnx1bat1ve6IpEUoV50wCEwYBhgL/s1600/menace6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="646" height="166" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1baX_OTyC3M/W6POJ4ToZ3I/AAAAAAAAgCM/hrc59xfXEFMDygnx1bat1ve6IpEUoV50wCEwYBhgL/s400/menace6.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TTBtCjpyHCc/W6PKETvBPZI/AAAAAAAAgB0/x527PbWgs0oztRZM6GQ3qIS8dV1RthbfgCEwYBhgL/s1600/menace8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="489" data-original-width="949" height="205" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TTBtCjpyHCc/W6PKETvBPZI/AAAAAAAAgB0/x527PbWgs0oztRZM6GQ3qIS8dV1RthbfgCEwYBhgL/s400/menace8.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>During the next two days, the Allied fleet continued to attack the coastal defences and the Vichy forces continued to defend them. Richelieu was hit by two 15-inch shells from Barham. On the second day of action, guns 7 and 8 (in turret number 2) of Richelieu failed on the first round. The following day, the crews were switched and main turret number 1 was used. Propellant charges reconditioned from charges left by the battleship Strasbourg in Dakar, during winter 1939, were used but these gave a significant reduction in range and caused problems of fire control. Over the two days Richelieu fired a total of 24 rounds. No hits were recorded by Richelieu.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>During these engagements, two Vichy submarines (Persée and Ajax) were sunk, and the destroyer L'Audacieux damaged.</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-feA34PHfOUY/W6POW0vYBGI/AAAAAAAAgCM/OJq4fvHtCUA-phAxOsuT7bQH-lRx9330ACEwYBhgL/s1600/menace11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="346" data-original-width="598" height="231" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-feA34PHfOUY/W6POW0vYBGI/AAAAAAAAgCM/OJq4fvHtCUA-phAxOsuT7bQH-lRx9330ACEwYBhgL/s400/menace11.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ssPmLYfdArc/W6PJ-s8VyQI/AAAAAAAAgBs/5PDhGOVKCCwrEiBs1-FDA_uu-dwa8SLngCEwYBhgL/s1600/menace4%2Bark%2Broyal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="653" height="250" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ssPmLYfdArc/W6PJ-s8VyQI/AAAAAAAAgBs/5PDhGOVKCCwrEiBs1-FDA_uu-dwa8SLngCEwYBhgL/s400/menace4%2Bark%2Broyal.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Allied fleet also suffered damage: Resolution was torpedoed by the submarine Bévéziers, and Barham was hit by two shells from the coastal defence batteries which had been manned by crew from the No 1 main turret of Richelieu. Two cruisers were also damaged.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Overall, the Battle of Dakar did not go well for the Allies. The Vichy forces did not back down. Resolution was so heavily damaged she had to be towed to Cape Town . During most of this conflict, bombers of the Vichy French Air Force (Armée de l'Air de Vichy), based in North Africa, bombed the British base at Gibraltar. On 24 September about 50 aircraft dropped 150 bombs while on 25 September about 100 aircraft dropped 300 bombs on the harbour and dockyards. Most of the bombs missed. Some damage was caused, but few casualties were suffered. Only the British armed trawler HMT Stella Sirius was sunk by direct hits. Finally, the Allies withdrew, leaving Dakar and French West Africa in Vichy hands.</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HUL7zFIwMFU/W6PKF9_XP3I/AAAAAAAAgB4/3gcvpNx_FuwwQZuQ7A1h_jMOtVNzooF7wCEwYBhgL/s1600/menace10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="712" height="202" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HUL7zFIwMFU/W6PKF9_XP3I/AAAAAAAAgB4/3gcvpNx_FuwwQZuQ7A1h_jMOtVNzooF7wCEwYBhgL/s400/menace10.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Aftermath </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The effects of the Allied failure were mostly political. De Gaulle had believed that he would be able to persuade the Vichy French at Dakar to change sides, but this turned out not to be the case, a result that damaged his standing among the Allies, and he had to content himself with the much less important and less economically developed French Equatorial Africa as the main Free French territory for the time being. Even his success in the Battle of Gabon two months later did not wholly repair this damage.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>English novelist Evelyn Waugh participated in the expedition as an officer in the Royal Marines. The battle has a role in his semi-autobiographical novel Men at Arms, which forms the first part of his Sword of Honour trilogy.</b></span>maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-12084615058722348372018-09-19T20:55:00.003+03:002018-09-19T21:00:31.724+03:00Operation Postmaster<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Operation Postmaster was a British special operation conducted on the Spanish island of Fernando Po, now known as Bioko, off West Africa in the Gulf of Guinea , during the Second World War. The mission was carried out by the Small Scale Raiding Force (SSRF) and the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in January 1942. Their objective was to board the Italian and German ships in the harbour and sail them to Lagos. The SSRF under the command of Major Gus March-Phillipps left Britain in August 1941 and sailed the Brixham trawler, Maid Honour, to the Spanish colony.</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XP5djfcjCRQ/W6KLBLDGpcI/AAAAAAAAf_8/RCTJKF0z8yodxUm_O5CPBKnaU58oP2eEwCEwYBhgL/s1600/ssrf2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1112" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XP5djfcjCRQ/W6KLBLDGpcI/AAAAAAAAf_8/RCTJKF0z8yodxUm_O5CPBKnaU58oP2eEwCEwYBhgL/s320/ssrf2.jpg" width="222" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The British authorities in the area refused to support the raid, which they considered a breach of Spanish neutrality. Permission for the operation to go ahead eventually came from the Foreign Office in London. On 14 January 1942, while the ships' officers were attending a party arranged by an SOE agent, the commandos entered the port aboard two tugs, overpowered the ships' crews and sailed off with the ships, including the Italian merchant vessel Duchessa d'Aosta. The raid boosted SOE's reputation at a critical time and demonstrated its ability to plan and conduct secret operations no matter the political consequences. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In 1941 the British Admiralty started receiving reports that German submarines were using the rivers in Vichy French parts of Africa as a base for refuelling. The unit selected to investigate the reports was the Small Scale Raiding Force (SSRF) also known as No. 62 Commando. The SSRF was formed in 1941, and consisted of a small group of 55 commando-trained personnel working with the Special Operations Executive (SOE). While being under operational control of Combined Operations Headquarters , No. 62 Commando itself was under the command Major Gustavus Henry March-Phillipps, usually called Gus March-Phillipps.</b></span><br />
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JLKHEFuQlsc/W6KK6lrR0gI/AAAAAAAAf_4/j7AJ7JABOBMZXDC4wOctwoJ67vTehtbKACEwYBhgL/s1600/ssrf3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JLKHEFuQlsc/W6KK6lrR0gI/AAAAAAAAf_4/j7AJ7JABOBMZXDC4wOctwoJ67vTehtbKACEwYBhgL/s1600/ssrf3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="246" data-original-width="220" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JLKHEFuQlsc/W6KK6lrR0gI/AAAAAAAAf_4/j7AJ7JABOBMZXDC4wOctwoJ67vTehtbKACEwYBhgL/s1600/ssrf3.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Maid Honor, a 65-ton Brixham yacht trawler, left Poole harbour on 9 August 1941, bound for West Africa. The five man crew were under the command of March-Phillipps. The remainder of the SSRF under the command of Captain Geoffrey Appleyard had departed earlier aboard a troop transport ship. On 20 September 1941 after six weeks under sail Maid Honor arrived at Freetown, Sierra Leone. Freetown was the agreed rendezvous for both groups, Appleyard's party having arrived at the end of August. After Maid Honor's arrival in Freetown the search for the German submarine bases started. Sailing into the many rivers and deltas in the area, they failed to locate any submarines or evidence of a submarine base.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Gulf of Guinea. Fernando Po, now called Bioko, is the island nearest the mainland.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>SOE maintained a presence in West Africa, where it could observe Vichy French, Spanish and Portuguese territories with the intention of identifying and hindering any activities that threatened Britain's colonial possessions. While the commandos were searching for the German submarine bases SOE agents had become aware of three vessels in the port of Santa Isabel on the Spanish island of Fernando Po 30 kilometres off the coast of Africa near the borders of Nigeria and the Guinea.</b></span><br />
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<table class="infobox vevent" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Operation Postmaster</span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><br /></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><table style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 303px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Date</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">14 January 1942</span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Location</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="location"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_Spain&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhgJ6Rh2DK9qGqJjldf3EKUmc7kibg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Francoist Spain"><img alt="Francoist Spain" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="500" data-file-width="750" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281945%E2%80%931977%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span></span> <span class="notranslate"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Po_(island)&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhg2uwW3nYzawFjv_iQavssE0cs1Ew" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fernando Po (island)">Fernando Po</a>, <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjiN_-JB5HtBKrsrRq95JjbfPDX-Q" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> (<a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Guinea&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjV44yeOprHzRX6Wi4srARESd4u2g" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spanish Guinea">Spanish Guinea</a>)</span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Result</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">British victory</span></td></tr>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Belligerents</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjastqFeoJrq4dWplT_4gDnJdhz4A" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhiQZ_zkbJzekSMIj9Sq6hyzJ502jw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhirIVvXTX3eMf49VbbvTkYag9zcig" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Commanders and leaders</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjastqFeoJrq4dWplT_4gDnJdhz4A" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhjjl5iPJSlDcnEuD4BR0OFs5d_EcQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Major">Major</a> 'Gus' March-Phillipps</span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhiQZ_zkbJzekSMIj9Sq6hyzJ502jw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(nautical)&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhgWNGrixTqe5KUVV6YpHIxu7Sx5Ww" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Captain (nautical)">Captain</a> Specht</span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhirIVvXTX3eMf49VbbvTkYag9zcig" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingdom of Italy"><img alt="Kingdom of Italy" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate">Unknown</span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Strength</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="notranslate"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Scale_Raiding_Force&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhiWDM92C7CMMzNKrQtZtdoGYc5e3Q" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Small Scale Raiding Force">Small Scale Raiding Force</a>11 men</span><br />
<span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhhfoIfOU4o-MZ2nnkqs5AykfL3q4A" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> 4 men</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">local volunteers 17 men</span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="notranslate"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchessa_d%2527Aosta&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700186,15700190,15700201,15700214&usg=ALkJrhhZInSLBd6wq-dBUyrhp_PHgWErzA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Duchessa d'Aosta">Duchessa d'Aosta</a></i> ship's crew 46</span><br />
<span class="notranslate"><i>Bibundi</i> ship's crew unknown</span><br />
<span class="notranslate"><i>Likomba</i> ship's crew unknown</span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Casualties and losses</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="notranslate">none</span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="notranslate">29 crew and one merchant ship with 2 boats captured</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The three ships were the Italian 8,500-ton merchant vessel Duchessa d'Aosta, the second a large German tug Likomba, the third a diesel -powered barge Bibundi. Duchessa d'Aosta had a working radio which was considered a threat, with the potential to provide details of Allied naval movements. Her declared cargo was 3 million pounds of wool, 316,610 pounds of hides and skins, 1.3 million pounds of tanning materials, 4 million pounds of copra, 544,660 pounds of crude asbestos fibre and over 1.1 million ingots of electrolytic copper. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The first page of the ship's cargo manifest, was not presented to the port authorities and the ship's captain refused to provide them with any details, which led to speculation it was also carrying arms or ammunition. In his visits to the island, SOE agent Leonard Guise kept the ships under observation, and in August 1941 submitted a plan to seize Likomba and disable Duchessa d'Aosta. Approval for the military operation in a neutral port was given by the Admiralty on 20 November 1941.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>To transport the raiders to the island, two tugs, Vulcan and Nuneaton , were provided by the Governor of Nigeria, Sir Bernard Bourdillon. The raiding force would consist of 32 men, four SOE agents, 11 commandos from the SSRF and 17 men recruited from the local population to crew the two tugs. The mission suffered a blow when the British General Officer Commanding (GOC) West Africa Command, General Sir George Giffard refused to support the mission and would not release the 17 men required, stating it would compromise some unnamed plans he had in mind and the act of piracy would have repercussions. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Responding to the concerns of the GOC West Africa, the Admiralty suspended the operation. The Foreign Office was also not in favour of the operation, and neither was the British Embassy in Madrid, which was concerned about the possible reactions of the Spanish government. </b></span><br />
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<img alt="File:HMS Violet FL24971.jpg" height="287" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/HMS_Violet_FL24971.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> Violet, corvette</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The final go ahead, eventually supported by the Foreign Office, was not given until 6 January 1942, on the grounds that suspicion of British involvement in the raid was inevitable; what counted was the avoidance of any tangible proof. As a safeguard the Admiralty also dispatched HMS Violet, a Flower-class corvette, to intercept the vessels at sea, which would provide the cover story that they had been intercepted while trying to make their way home to Europe. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>SOE agent Richard Lippett had obtained employment with the shipping company John Holt & Co (Liverpool), which had business offices on the island. Having taken up the post he started to make preparations for the raid. He became aware that the crew of Duchessa d'Aosta were in the habit of accepting invitations to parties ashore and had held their own party aboard ship on 6 January 1942. Under the guise of a party-goer Lippett managed to gain information about the readiness of the ship for sea, crew numbers, and the watch arrangements.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The raiders left Lagos in their two tugs on the morning of 11 January 1942, and while en route they practised lowering Folbots and boarding ships at sea under the command of Captain Graham Hayes. They approached Santa Isabel harbour and at 23:15 and 23:30 hours on 14 January 1942; both tugs were in position 180 metres outside of the harbour. Onshore, Lippett had arranged for the officers from Duchessa d'Aosta to be invited to a dinner party. Twelve Italian officers and two German officers from Likomba also attended. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The boarding parties assembled on the decks of the two tugs as they entered the harbour. Vulcan, with March-Phillipps and his second in command Appleyard on board, headed for Duchessa d'Aosta. As they approached, a few men could be seen on the after deck of the merchant vessel, but they seemed to take no notice of the tug other than to shine a torch in its direction. At the same time, Folbots under the command of Hayes from Nuneaton, were being paddled towards Likomba and Burundi, which were moored together. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Challenged by a watchman on Burundi, they persuaded him with their reply that it was the ship's captain coming back on board. The men from the canoes boarded Burundi and the two man crew on watch jumped overboard. After planting explosive charges on the anchor chain, the commandos guided Nuneaton alongside Likomba to take her and the Burundi in tow.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>As soon as they were ready, the charges were blown and Nuneaton started to tow Likomba out of the harbour. Aboard Duchessa d'Aosta, 11 men had managed to get aboard from Vulcan; while one group planted charges on the anchor chains, another searched below decks collecting prisoners. Blowing the anchor chains, Vulcan started to tow Duchessa d'Aosta out of the harbour. The explosions had alerted the population of the town, who started to gather on the pier, but no attempts were made to stop the ships from leaving. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Several anti-aircraft emplacements opened fire at imaginary targets, believing the explosions to have been caused by an aerial attack, but the six-inch guns protecting the harbour itself remained silent. From entering the harbour to leaving with the ships under tow, the operation had taken 30 minutes, without any losses to the raiding party. </b></span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TeIBPj86Dl4/W6KLEE6Rf8I/AAAAAAAAgAA/Qicct_DSRsE2a35xvxLeaXdOKTVXNgZmACEwYBhgL/s1600/ssrf6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="336" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-TeIBPj86Dl4/W6KLEE6Rf8I/AAAAAAAAgAA/Qicct_DSRsE2a35xvxLeaXdOKTVXNgZmACEwYBhgL/s320/ssrf6.jpg" width="214" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Out at sea on 15 January 1942, March-Phillipps established a routine of watches and placed guards on the 29 prisoners they had taken. During the evening they started to have trouble with the tugs' engines and the tow ropes to the captured vessels. The next day Vulcan reached the location for the rendezvous and was "captured" at sea by HMS Violet. Nuneaton, suffering from engine trouble, managed to contact the Nigerian collier Ilorin by semaphore, which in turn contacted Lagos, and a ship was dispatched to tow them into port. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Special Operations Executive had now demonstrated their ability to undertake operations, no matter the political consequences. Hugh Dalton, the government minister in charge of SOE, informed the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, of the outcome of the raid. He also stated his belief that..."other neutral governments would be impressed that Britain would if needed disregard the legal formalities of war in their efforts to succeed." </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The agent in charge of SOE Africa station submitted a report to the head of SOE Colin Gubbins reflecting on the success of Postmaster: "perhaps next time it will not be necessary for prolonged negotiations before undertaking a 30 minute operation." </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Spanish government was furious about the raid, which was seen as a breach of the country's neutrality. The foreign minister Serrano Suner described the operation as an:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>intolerable attack on our sovereignty, no Spaniard can fail to be roused by this act of piracy committed in defiance of every right and within water under our jurisdiction. Do not be surprised, if we return the answer which the case demands - that of arms.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In Germany radio stations reported that a..."British destroyer had entered the harbour and dropped depth charges to blow up the anchor cables and the ship's crew were shot" and the 21 January 1942 edition of Völkischer Beobachter published an article with the headline "British Denials - Admiralty Lies on Act of Piracy". British Naval Intelligence, under advice from Commander Ian Fleming, issued their own communique:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In view of the German allegations that Allied naval forces have executed a cutting-out operation against Axis ships in the Spanish port of Santa Isabel, Fernando Po, the British Admiralty considers it necessary to state that no British or Allied ship was in the vicinity...As a result... of the German Broadcast, the British Commander-in-Chief dispatched reconnaissance patrols to cover the area. A report has now been received that a large unidentified vessel has been sighted, and British naval vessels are proceeding to the spot to make investigations." </b></span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YWW6Fo0mpDQ/W6KLGRbG5lI/AAAAAAAAgAA/PNqvvDrYA34upvjXprbBpTb9nq6zeCKZgCEwYBhgL/s1600/ssfr9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="640" height="247" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YWW6Fo0mpDQ/W6KLGRbG5lI/AAAAAAAAgAA/PNqvvDrYA34upvjXprbBpTb9nq6zeCKZgCEwYBhgL/s400/ssfr9.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The details of the raid were being kept secret even from the British Chiefs of Staff, who were only informed on 18 January 1942, that Duchessa d'Aosta had been intercepted (370 km) offshore and was being taken to Lagos. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On Fernando Po itself, Richard Lippett, who had remained on the island, was taken in for questioning by the Spanish authorities on 17 January 1942. He managed to persuade them he had had nothing to do with the departure of the ships, nor had he spent any money on the party for the ships' officers. He was released from custody on 27 January 1942, but was refused permission to leave the island. He finally left secretly by canoe, arriving in British territory on 1 March 1942. </b></span><br />
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<img alt="File:StateLibQld 1 140203 Duchess D'Aosta (ship).jpg" height="233" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/StateLibQld_1_140203_Duchess_D%27Aosta_%28ship%29.jpg/800px-StateLibQld_1_140203_Duchess_D%27Aosta_%28ship%29.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In the aftermath of the operation, Maid Honor was left in Lagos and eventually sold to the Sierra Leone government as a converted trawler. Duchess d'Aosta was sailed to Greenock and then managed by Canadian Pacific as the Empire Yukon for the Ministry of War Transport. Limkomba was managed by the Elder Dempster Lines , who renamed it Malakel in 1947 and then sold it to Liberia in 1948. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>After the raid March-Phillipps was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, Hayes was awarded the Military Cross, and Appleyard a Bar to his Military Cross; Lippett and Guise were each appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire. Another commando, and the only professional sailor on the raid, Private Anders Lassen , was the first man to board Duchessa d'Aosta. For conspicuous efficiency in getting the ship under way, Lassen was given a commission in the field, and the immediate award of the Military Cross. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>March-Phillipps was killed during Operation Aquatint in September 1942. On the same mission, Hayes evaded capture and crossed the Spanish border, only to be handed over to the Germans who kept him in solitary confinement for nine months before he was executed by firing squad on 13 July 1943. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Appleyard later joined the Special Air Service , and on the same day that Hayes was executed Appleyard was reported missing when his plane failed to return from a mission. Lassen would also join the Special Air Service; he was awarded two bars to his MC and promoted to major before receiving a posthumous Victoria Cross in Italy in 1945. </b></span><br />
<br />maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-36284966120467781812018-09-07T14:03:00.000+03:002018-09-07T15:15:26.490+03:00Battle of Bzura<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Battle of the Bzura (or the Battle of Kutno) was the largest battle of the 1939 German invasion of Poland, fought between 9 and 19 September 1939, between Polish and German forces. It began as a Polish counter-offensive, but the Germans outflanked the Polish forces and took all of western Poland.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Battle of the Bzura took place to the west of Warsaw, near the Bzura River. A Polish breakout attack gained initial success but eventually faltered after a </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>concentrated German counterattack.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>It has been described as "the major Polish counterattack of the campaign" and "the bloodiest and most bitter battle of the entire Polish campaign".</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white;"></span>The Polish plan for defense against the German invasion, Plan West, called for the defense of the borders. This was dictated more by political than military concerns, as Poles feared that the Germans, after taking over territories they lost in the Treaty of Versailles, would try to end the war and keep those territories. </b></span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-n0CLv_i5Mc0/W5Jf0qG3sRI/AAAAAAAAfxg/PLvQStxk4fIiE6PQPtNbk-hYc3JmdVJ6QCEwYBhgL/s1600/kut12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="226" data-original-width="378" height="238" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-n0CLv_i5Mc0/W5Jf0qG3sRI/AAAAAAAAfxg/PLvQStxk4fIiE6PQPtNbk-hYc3JmdVJ6QCEwYBhgL/s400/kut12.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NMUuDbr5DrA/W5Jf2CgvRCI/AAAAAAAAfx0/S4-SZMzFlGwsl_nY8D0AQlJehUfzAw2-gCEwYBhgL/s1600/kut13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="269" data-original-width="400" height="268" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-NMUuDbr5DrA/W5Jf2CgvRCI/AAAAAAAAfx0/S4-SZMzFlGwsl_nY8D0AQlJehUfzAw2-gCEwYBhgL/s400/kut13.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Polish forces consisted of Army Poznań and Army Pomorze. German forces included the 8th Army under Johannes Blaskowitz and 10th Army under Walther von Reichenau of Army Group South (Heeresgruppe Süd), elements of the 4th Army under Günther von Kluge of the Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord) and air support (Luftflotte 1 and Luftflotte 4).</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----------</b></span><br />
<table class="infobox vevent" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Battle of the Bzura</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WBK_-battle_of_Bzura_1939.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="WBK -battle of Bzura 1939.jpg" data-file-height="217" data-file-width="396" height="164" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WBK_-battle_of_Bzura_1939.jpg/300px-WBK_-battle_of_Bzura_1939.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/WBK_-battle_of_Bzura_1939.jpg 1.5x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_cavalry" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Polish cavalry">Polish cavalry</a> brigade "Wielkopolska" during the battle</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><table style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 303px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Date</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">9–19 September<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ciszal4_1-0" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bzura#cite_note-ciszal4-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> 1939</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Location</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="location">Near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutno" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kutno">Kutno</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%9339)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Łódź Voivodeship (1919–39)">Łódź Voivodeship</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></span><br />
<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><img alt="" class="wmamapbutton noprint" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/17px-WMA_button2b.png 1x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/WMA_button2b.png/34px-WMA_button2b.png 2x" style="border: 0px; cursor: pointer; padding: 0px 3px 0px 0px; vertical-align: middle;" title="Show location on an interactive map" /><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Bzura&params=52_14_00_N_19_22_00_E_region:PL_type:event_scale:50000" style="background: none !important; color: #663366; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: normal;"><span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dms" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude" style="white-space: nowrap;">52°14′00″N</span> <span class="longitude" style="white-space: nowrap;">19°22′00″E</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Result</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
German victory</div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Destruction of Armies Poznań and Pomorze</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Belligerents</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Blaskowitz" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Johannes Blaskowitz">Johannes Blaskowitz</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_von_Reichenau#Second_World_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Walther von Reichenau">Walther von Reichenau</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> Wilhelm Ulex<br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Hoepner" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Erich Hoepner">Erich Hoepner</a></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Polish Republic"><img alt="Second Polish Republic" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Kutrzeba" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tadeusz Kutrzeba">Tadeusz Kutrzeba</a></b><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Polish Republic"><img alt="Second Polish Republic" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bortnowski" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Władysław Bortnowski">Władysław Bortnowski</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Polish Republic"><img alt="Second Polish Republic" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Knoll-Kownacki" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edmund Knoll-Kownacki">Edmund Knoll-Kownacki</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Polish Republic"><img alt="Second Polish Republic" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Bo%C5%82tu%C4%87" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mikołaj Bołtuć">Mikołaj Bołtuć</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Polish Republic"><img alt="Second Polish Republic" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Abraham" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roman Abraham">Roman Abraham</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Second Polish Republic"><img alt="Second Polish Republic" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1280" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> Leon Strzelecki</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Strength</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;">12 infantry divisions<br />
5 armoured and motorized divisions<br />
425,000 soldiers</td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;">8 infantry divisions<br />
2–4 cavalry brigades<br />
225,000 soldiers</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: #c3d6ef; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Casualties and losses</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;">8,000 dead<br />
4,000 captured<br />
50 tanks<br />
100 cars<br />
20 artillery pieces</td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;">18,000<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span>– 20,000 dead<br />
32,000 wounded<br />
170,000 captur</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----------</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>While defending the borders was riskier, the Poles were counting on the British and French counteroffensive (that never came). Due to this, Army Pomorze under general Władysław Bortnowski found itself in the Polish Corridor, surrounded by German forces on two fronts, and Army Poznań under general Tadeusz Kutrzeba was pushed to the westernmost fringes of the Second Polish Republic, separated both from its primary defensive positions, and from other Polish Armies.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The German offensive proved the folly of the border defense plan in the first days of the war. Army Pomorze was defeated in the battle of Bory Tucholskie, and forced to retreat towards the south-east. Army Poznań, meanwhile, although not facing heavy German assaults, was forced to retreat east due to defeats of its neighbours (Army Pomorze in the north and Army Łódź in the south); both of them were retreating, meaning that Army Poznań was in danger of being flanked and surrounded by the German forces. </b></span><b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">On 4 September, Army Poznań moved through Poznań and abandoned it to the enemy, although at this point it was not in contact with any significant German forces. By 6 September, Armies Pomorze and Poznań had linked, forming the strongest Polish operational unit in the campaign, and general Bortkowski accepted the command of general Kutrzeba.</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On 7 September, Polish forces became aware of the German push towards Łęczyca, which if successful could cut off the retreat route of Polish forces. By 8 September, advanced German troops reached Warsaw, marking the beginning of the 1939 siege of Warsaw. At the same time, German forces had lost contact with Army Poznań, and German command assumed that the army must have been transported by rail to aid Warsaw's defense; they were unaware that in fact Army Poznań had merged forces with Army Pomorze, which they considered, since its defeat at Bory Tucholskie, no longer a significant threat. On 8 September the Germans were certain that they had eliminated major Polish resistance west of Vistula and were preparing to cross it and engage the Polish forces on the other side.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Meanwhile, general Kutrzeba and his staff officers had suspected, even before the German invasion, that it would be the neighbouring Armies that would bear the German attack, and had developed plans at an offensive towards the south, to relieve Army Łódź. In the first week of the campaign, those plans, however, were rejected by the Polish commander-in-chief, Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>By 8 September Kutrzeba had lost contact with Rydz-Śmigły, who had relocated his command center from Warsaw to Brest; due to these factors, Kutrzeba decided to go forward with his plan. His situation was dire, as German forces were close to surrounding his units: the German 8th Army had secured the southern bank of the Bzura river, and the German 4th Army had secured the northern bank of Vistula, from Włocławek to Wyszogród, and its elements were attacking the rear of the Armies Pomorze and Poznań from the direction of Inowrocław and crossing the Vistula river near Płock.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On the night of 9 September, the Polish Poznań Army commenced a counterattack from the south of the Bzura river, its target being the German forces from the 8th Army advancing between Łęczyca and Łowicz, towards Stryków. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The commander of Poznań Army, Tadeusz Kutrzeba noticed that the German 8th Army, commanded by general Johannes Blaskowitz, was weakly secured from the north by only the 30th Infantry Division stretched over a 30 kilometre defensive line while the rest of the army was advancing towards Warsaw. The main thrust of the Polish offensive werOne the units under general Edmund Knoll-Kownacki, known as the Knoll-Kownacki Operational Group (Polish 14th, 17th, 25th and 26th Infantry Divisions).</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The right wing of the offensive, in the area Łęczyce, included the Podolska Cavalry Brigade under Col. L. Strzelecki, and on the left, advancing from Łowicz to the area of Głowno, the Wielkopolska Cavalry Brigade under general Roman Abraham. These groups inflicted considerable losses on the German defenders from the 30th Infantry Division and the 24th Infantry Division, with some 1,500 German soldiers killed or wounded and an additional 3,000 lost as prisoners during the initial push. The cavalry brigades supplemented with TKS and TK-3 reconnaissance tanks moved to threaten the flanks and rear of the advancing German units.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The German forces were thrown back approximately 20 kilometres and the Poles recaptured several towns, including Łęczyca and Piątek, and the village of Góra Świętej Małgorzaty. On 10 September, the Polish 17th Infantry Division met the German 17th Infantry Division at Małachowicze. The following day Polish forces continued their attack, advancing on Modlna, Pludwiny, Osse and Głowno.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Initially underestimating the Polish advance, the Germans decided on 11 September to redirect the main force of the German 10th Army, the German 4th Army, the reserves of the Army Group South, and aircraft from 4th Air Fleet towards the Bzura. These forces included the German 1st Panzer Division, German 4th Panzer Division and the newly formed SS Infantry regiment Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler. German air superiority had a significant impact, making it very costly and difficult for the Poles to move units during the day. The following day the Poles reached the line Stryków-Ozorków. That day General Tadeusz Kutrzeba learned that units of Army Łódź had retreated to the Modlin Fortress, and decided to stop the offensive, instead looking to try to break through Sochaczew and the Kampinos Forest to reach Warsaw.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On the morning of 14 September, General Władysław Bortnowski's 26th and 16th Infantry Divisions crossed the Bzura near Łowicz. The Polish 4th Infantry Division reached the road linking Łowicz with Głowno. At this point however, Bortnowski ordered the 26th Infantry Division to retreat. He had learned of the withdrawal of the German 4th Panzer Division from the outskirts of Warsaw, and was concerned that this Panzer division posed a threat to his men.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On 15 and 16 September, Army Pomorze took up defensive positions on the north bank of the Bzura. General Stanisław Grzmot-Skotnicki's group was between Kutno and Żychlin, General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski's units near Gąbin, and parts of Army Poznań by the Bzura near Sochaczew, were ready to begin their drive towards Warsaw. To encircle and destroy the Polish forces, the Germans used most of their 10th Army, including two armoured, one motorized, and three light divisions, equipped with some 800 tanks altogether. The attack from all sides on Polish positions started on 16 September, with the support of the Luftwaffe. On 15 September Poles were forced out of Sochaczew, a town on the Bzura river, and trapped in a triangle of Bzura, Vistula and German forces. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The German 1st Panzer Division, after crossing the Bzura between Sochaczew and Brochów and engaging the Polish 25th Infantry Division managed to capture Ruszki, but its advance was then halted. Poles began to cross the Bzura near the Vistula, north of Sochaczew, and retreat towards Warsaw. Polish forces were forced to abandon most of their heavy equipment while crossing the river. On 17 September, German heavy artillery was shelling the crossing north of Brochów, and the largest air operation of the campaign began, with the Luftwaffe attacking the retreating Polish forces.</b></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">During the night of 17 September, the main forces of Army Poznań attacked the German forces in order to break out of the German encirclement between Witkowice and Sochaczew. The 15th Infantry Division and Podolska Cavalry Brigade again crossed the Bzura in Witkowice. In Brochow, the 25th and 17th Infantry Divisions crossed the Bzura river. </b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The 14th Infantry Division was concentrated in Łaziska. At the same time, Army Pomorze marched towards the villages of Osmolin, Kierozia and Osiek.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In the morning the Germans started their drive towards the south along both banks of the Bzura, supported by more than 300 aircraft and heavy artillery. German howitzers, taking advantage of their position on the high ground of the </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Vistula's right bank, shelled Polish positions for the entire day. </b><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And after two days of heavy fighting, with no ammunition or food rations remaining, further attempts at a breakout for the Poles became impossible</b><br />
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maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-91373024820931350272018-09-03T07:26:00.001+03:002018-09-04T07:37:38.103+03:00Ski Warfare<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ski warfare, the use of ski -equipped troops in war, is first recorded by the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus in the 13th century.</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Napoleonic Wars </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Denmark-Norway (though only Norwegian) ski troops were used against Sweden during the 1807–1814 Napoleonic Wars.</b></span><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/62/91/166291_r500.jpg" height="264" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> a break in the forest</b></span><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/63/78/166378_r500.jpg" height="265" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Full explosive sleigh pushed forward and men preparing and make ready many traps to Russian troops</b></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Skis </b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Asymmetrical skis were used at least in northern Finland and Sweden up until the 1930s. On one leg the skier wore a long straight non-arching ski for sliding, and on the other a shorter ski for kicking. The bottom of the short ski was either plain or covered with animal skin to aid this use, while the long ski supporting the weight of the skier was treated with animal fat in similar manner to modern ski waxing . Early record of this type of skis survives in works of Olaus Magnus. He associates them to Sami people and gives Sami names of savek and golos for the plain and skinned short ski. Finnish names for these are lyly and kalhu for long and short ski.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The seal hunters at the Gulf of Bothnia had developed a special long ski to sneak into shooting distance to the seals' breathing holes, though the ski was useful in moving in the packed ice in general and was made specially long, 3 - 4 meters, to protect against cracks in the ice. This is called skredstång in Swedish. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Around 1850 artisans in Telemark, Norway invent the cambered ski. This ski arches up in the middle, under the binding, which distributes the skier's weight more evenly across the length of the ski. Earlier plank-style skis had to be thick enough not to bow downward and sink in the snow under the skier's weight. Norheim's ski was also the first with a sidecut that narrowed the ski underfoot while the tip and tail remained wider. This enabled the ski to flex and turn more easily. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In 1950 Howard Head introduced the Head Standard, constructed by sandwiching aluminum alloy around a plywood core. The design included steel edges (invented in 1928 in Austria) and the exterior surfaces were made of phenol formaldehyde resin which could hold wax. This hugely successful ski was unique at the time in having been designed for the recreational market, rather than for racing. 1962: a fibreglass ski, Kneissl 's White Star, was used by Karl Schranz to win two gold medals at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships. By the late '60s fibreglass had mostly replaced aluminum.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In 1975 the torsion box ski construction design is patented. The patent is referenced by Kästle, Salomon, Rottefella , and Madshus, but in fact torsion box skis became common beginning in 1962 with the introduction of the Dynamic VR7 and VR17 race skis. In 1993 Elan introduced the Elan SCX. These introduced a new ski geometry, common today, with a much wider tip and tail than waist. When tipped onto their edges, they bend into a curved shape and carve a turn. Other companies quickly followed suit, and it was realized in retrospect that "It turns out that everything we thought we knew for forty years was wrong." The modern Twin-tip ski was introduced by Line in 1995. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>World War I </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>During WWI the Italian Army raised 88 Alpini Battalions. Their purpose was to fight summer and winter in the highest regions of the Alpine Arch. Most of the battalions were dissolved after WWI. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Only nine Alpini regiments remain in service today, and only four still train every soldier in ski warfare: the 4th Alpini Parachutist Regiment , 5th Alpini Regiment , 6th Alpini Regiment and 7th Alpini Regiment.</b></span><br />
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<img alt="File:The British Army in Norway April - June 1940 N160.jpg" height="269" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/The_British_Army_in_Norway_April_-_June_1940_N160.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>British troops in Norway, April 1940</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle military skiing" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Canadian_ski_patrol_1944.jpg" width="396" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Canadian ski patrol, 1944</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> <img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle military skiing" height="225" src="https://media.bizj.us/view/img/10187395/14b10th-training-at-camp-hale1*750xx1903-1071-0-441.jpg" width="400" /></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> U.S. Army 10th Mountain Division ski troops trained at Camp Hale near Leadville in the 1940s</b></span><br />
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<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle military skiing" src="http://www.historylink.org/Content/Media/Photos/Large/us-army-ski-troops-drilling-at-paradise-mount-rainier-national-park-1942.jpg" height="276" width="400" /><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> U.S. Army ski troops colorado</b></div>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">World War II </b></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>See also: Gebirgsjäger</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Ski troops played a key role in the successes of the Finnish war effort against the Soviet Union during the Winter War in 1939. Forested, rural terrain with no roads was used by Finnish ski troops with great success against the advancing mechanized Soviet troops. In the Battle of Suomussalmi, two Soviet mechanized divisions (45,000 men) were annihilated by three Finnish regiments (11,000 men).</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Soviet Union deployed 11 ski battalions , among other troops, in November 1941 to reinforce their defenses in the Battle of Moscow.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The most common transportation for Norwegian soldiers during the Norwegian Campaign in 1940 was skis and sleds, and in Operation Gunnerside , paradropped Norwegian commandos covered a large distance using skis in order to reach and sabotage the heavy water plant Vemork at Rjukan in Telemark, Norway , which was being used by the Germans as part of their nuclear research programme.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Ski warfare even extended to the Middle East where the Australian Ski Corps were deployed against Vichy French forces in the mountains of Lebanon. </b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Also during WWII, the United States Army 10th Mountain Division was established and trained for ski combat. They were deployed in Italy.</b></span><br />
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<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle military skiing" height="270" src="https://amp.businessinsider.com/images/58bd8c6abe967321028b5057-750-507.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> Soviet... (winter war)</b></span><br />
<img alt="Aiheeseen liittyvä kuva" src="http://img01.militaryblog.jp/usr/s/u/o/suomsfront/IMG_7088.JPG" height="225" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> Swedish...</b></span><br />
<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle military skiing" height="326" src="https://usatunofficial.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/norveg.jpg?w=468&h=382&crop=1" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> Norwegian...</b></span><br />
<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle military skiing" height="283" src="https://www.sotapolku.fi/site/assets/files/570646/isa_ontajarvella.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> Finnish..</b></span><br />
<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle danish troops ski ww2" src="http://albumwar2.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/02286.jpg" height="237" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>A detachment of German Gebirgsjäger on skis. Gebirgsjäger, alpine shooters (Alpini) - specialized formations of the ground forces (Wehrmacht), prepared for...</b></span><br />
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<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle danish troops ski ww2" height="400" src="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/bc/5f/f2/bc5ff2c1c2009859b1acb42f53666e1d.jpg" width="302" /><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Russian ski patrol</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></b><img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle danish troops ski ww2" height="400" src="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/f7/1c/68/f71c682d6bd327076fe9a91b6c55ba28.jpg" width="294" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Japan ski patrol</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></b><img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle danish troops ski ww2" src="http://www.eestileegion.com/public/images/leegion/yksused/idapataljonid/ida2.jpg" height="277" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Estonian troops</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: #222222; color: #888888; font-size: 13px;"></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Contemporary usage </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Swedish, Finnish and Norwegian defense forces use skis in cross country skiing but also by pulling squads of soldiers with tracked transport vehicles or snow mobiles. One or two ropes hang from the end of a tracked vehicle such as the famous Swedish Hägglunds Bandvagn 206 or the Finnish Sisu Nasu and troops hang onto the ropes with their hands and ski-poles.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/57/72/165772_r500.jpg" height="264" width="400" /><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/59/22/165922_r500.jpg" height="282" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Reindeer waiting for departure. </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Petsamo, Kukkesjaur 1942.04.12</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Many nations train troops in skiing and winter warfare, including:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Austrian Army </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Certain soldiers are trained in ski combat.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Danish Navy </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Slædepatruljen Sirius (Sirius Arctic Patrol) patrols Northern and Eastern Greenland.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Estonian Army </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Conscripts routinely receive training in skiing and other winter warfare skills.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Finnish Army </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- All soldiers are trained in ski combat, and skiing is a part of standard required training for conscripts.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>French Army - </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>27th Chasseurs Alpins Brigade</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>German Bundeswehr </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Gebirgsjäger</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Hellenic Army</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> - Greek Special Forces Command has a mountain ski warfare training center </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>(ΚΕΟΑΧ ) on Mount Olympus for Marines and Commandos.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Italian Army </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- the Alpini Corp with 16 Regiments.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Lebanese Armed Forces </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Mountain Combat Company part of the Lebanese Commando Regiment</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Netherlands </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Royal Netherlands Marine Corps, Korps Commandotroepen and the 11 Luchtmobiele Brigade - annual exercises taking place in the interior of Northern Norway</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Norwegian Army </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- All soldiers are trained in ski combat.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Polish Army </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- 21st Podhale Rifles Brigade and elements of the 6th Paratroopers Brigade.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Romanian Land Forces</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Vânători de Munte (Mountain Hunters), all soldiers are trained in ski combat.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Spain</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> - "Brigada de Cazadores de Montaña Aragón I" (Mountain Light Infantry Brigade Aragón I), in Jaca (Huesca) with a specialized section "Compañía de Esquiadores-Escaladores" (Skiing-Climbing Company), in Jaca (Huesca). </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Slovenian army</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- 132nd Mountain Battalion is trained in ski combat and mountain survival, Slovenian army is member of International Federation of Mountain Soldiers - IFMS. Slovenia is also a host nation for NATO's Multinational Centre of Excellence for Mountain Warfare.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sweden</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Majority of soldiers are trained in ski combat</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Switzerland's</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- 3rd Mountain Army Corps (Corps d'armée de montagne 3)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>United Kingdom</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- Members of the Royal Marines 3 Commando Brigade are trained in alpine and cold weather warfare at facilities in Norway.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>United States</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>- The United States Marine Corps through the Marine Corps Mountain Warfare Training Center in northern California; the US Army in Alaska at the Northern Warfare Training Center and the Army Mountain Warfare School in Jericho, Vermont and the US Navy also in Alaska at Naval Special Warfare Cold Weather Detachment Kodiak.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Other information </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Norwegian military have held skiing competitions since the 1670s. The sport of biathlon was developed from military skiing patrols.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The United States ski patrol plays a vital role in the plot to the book A Separate Peace</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Australia's first ski troops by Col. RW Savage in Australian Ski Yearbook, 1942. Reprinted in: Bill Beatty. The white roof of Australia . Cassell, 1958. pp. 77-80.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>External links </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Finnish Tracked transport vehicle, SISU NA 110</b></span><br />
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maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-74516645169794930302018-09-02T16:53:00.003+03:002018-09-02T22:16:37.119+03:00Ski patrol, march 1942 <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle ÑовеÑÑкие лÑжнÑе боÑинки зимой 1942" height="262" src="https://www.ski.ru/kohana/upload/ckfinder_images/u77047/images/68d7fe4e64bdcd0183f700258abd5b48.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Soviet captain explains the tasks and gives instructions</span></b></div>
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<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle СовеÑÑкие лÑжнÑе оÑ
Ñанники в каÑелÑÑкиÑ
леÑаÑ
зимой 1941 - 1944" height="266" src="https://mvd.ru/upload/site1/folder_widepage/002/364/223/_1341_1.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> soviet destroyers protected</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle ÑовеÑÑкий лÑжнÑй паÑÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð² леÑÑ ÐаÑелии 1942" height="252" src="https://mvd.ru/upload/site1/folder_widepage/002/364/223/0006.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Soviet destroyer team at work, in the Leningrad region</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Aiheeseen liittyvä kuva" height="266" src="https://ic.pics.livejournal.com/egor_23/73280836/1635020/1635020_1000.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Russian truck transport is over....</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle ÑовеÑÑкий лÑжнÑй паÑÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð² леÑÑ ÐаÑелии 1942" height="244" src="https://coollib.com/i/15/164815/i_069.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> ...and scouts move into the woods.</b></span><br />
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<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle СовеÑÑкие лÑжнÑе оÑ
Ñанники в каÑелÑÑкиÑ
леÑаÑ
зимой 1941 - 1944" height="255" src="https://files.polkrf.ru/pic_news/795x-/2356.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> Soviet photographer and his protector</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>---------------</b></span><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/06/96/10696_r500.jpg" height="292" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The colonel gives instructions to the long-distance leader, before leaving for a trip.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Big, strong scout and destroy patrol </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>to go and find the enemy patrols.</b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Uhtua area, Northern Viena, march 1942</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Eversti antaa ohjeet kaukopartio johtajalle, ennen partion lähtöä matkalle.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Suuri ja vahva tiedustelu ja tuhoaja partio lähtee etsimään vihollista..</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b> <img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/10/85/1085_r500.jpg" height="287" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Lieutenant leads men to forest and the traces of the enemy</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Luutnantti johtaa miehet metsään ja vihollisen jäljille</span></b><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/06/97/10697_r500.jpg" height="288" width="400" /><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/11/05/1105_r500.jpg" height="291" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> ...in forest...</b></span><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/11/06/1106_r500.jpg" height="288" width="400" /><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/11/07/1107_r500.jpg" height="290" width="400" /><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/07/00/10700_r500.jpg" height="287" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Finns will follow in the beautiful winter air</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> Suomalaiset seuraavat kauniissa talvi-ilmassa</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>--------------</b></span><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/31/41/23141_r500.jpg" height="400" width="395" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Pencil-box (school), or soap-box, and are made wood.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Content 200 gr TNT or similar explosive.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The mines purpose not to kill, only wounded, because every wounded patrol man</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>needs lot help, like other men, to forest patrol.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Lyijykynä (koulu-penaali) tai saippua-laatikko on yleensä puuta.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sisältö 200 g TNT tai vastaavaa räjähdystä.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Kaivosten tarkoituksena ei ole tappaa, vain tehdä haavoittuneita, koska jokainen haavoittunut partiomies </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">tarvitsee apua monilta, etenkin metsässä oltaessa.</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>--------------</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/06/80/680_r500.jpg" height="280" width="400" /><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/06/83/683_r500.jpg" height="282" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Partio etenee valmista latua joka ehkä on miinoitettu, ja monia muita latuja eikä tiedä kenen jälkiä ovat. Vanhoja omia, vai vihollisen. Mutta uusi latu vieressä on vapaa, siellä ei ole miinoitusta, ehjä lumi.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The patrol is proceeding with a completed track that may have been mined, and many other trails, and they not know who traces are leave. Old own, or old enemy. But the new trail to other side are free, no enemy mine, because of the untouched snow.</span></b></div>
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maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-6214928749939597772018-08-28T13:14:00.000+03:002018-08-28T13:14:27.980+03:00Tear radio - Kyynel radio<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kyynel M-10X</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Kyynel M10 and M11 were compact spy radio transceivers, operating in the 80m short wave band between 3800 1 and 4800 kHz, developed and built by the Finnish Army Depot Company Munkkiniemi near Helsinki (Finland) during WW-II. </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Finnish (Swedish) </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">II</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">WW- spy radio set </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Despite the fact that Finland was collaborating with Germany, they secretly built the a crystal version of the set, the M-10X , for the Swedish Army, where it was known as Radio Station 1 W Br m/44. The set is also known as VRHAG.</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="267" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/39441410_1961711433880724_1930802496377192448_o.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=4b451605b57240601b2ebcc8230150fe&oe=5BFCAC5A" width="400" /><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/57/14/45714_r500.jpg" height="400" width="282" /><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/43/78/34378_r500.jpg" height="280" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A suitable antenna, consisting of two 20 meter wires, should be connected to the socket at the top left. The antenna wires can be adjusted to four different lengths, depending on the frequency in use. A tuning chart, containing the desired antenna length and the correct setting of the antenna tuning dial, was supplied with the radio. The manual explains how to set up the antenna</span></b><br />
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<img src="http://www.cryptomuseum.com/spy/kyynel/img/kyynel_controls.png" /><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Controls</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">All controls and most of the connections are at the front panel. The crystal is inserted in a socket on the side of the unit. The batteries are connected to the contact strip on the right hand side. A morse key can be connected at the front left and a suitable pair of headphones at the far right. </span></b><br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/37/45/33745_r500.jpg" height="280" width="400" /><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Source </span></b><span style="background-color: white; color: #006621; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px; white-space: nowrap;">www.cryptomuseum.com/spy/kyynel/index.htm</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b> © Crypto Museum. Created: Thursday 27 September 2012. Last changed: Wednesday, 28 February 2018- 23:27 CET</b></span></div>
maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-16638460187456961362018-08-27T13:14:00.001+03:002018-08-27T17:58:05.349+03:00Mannerheim and Hitler,s visit<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mannerheim's 75th birthday, 4 June 1942, was a national celebration. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The government granted him the unique title of Marshal of Finland (Suomen Marsalkka in Finnish, Marskalk av Finland in Swedish). So far he is the only person to receive the title. A surprise birthday visit by Hitler was embarrassing. </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hitler did not travel much, but he wished to visit the "brave Finns (die tapferen Finnen)" and their leader Mannerheim. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mannerheim did not want to meet him at his headquarters or in Helsinki, as then it would seem like an official state visit. The meeting took place near Imatra, in south-eastern Finland, and was arranged in secrecy. </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">From Immola Airfield, Hitler, accompanied by President Ryti, was driven to where Mannerheim was waiting at a railway siding. A speech from Hitler was followed by a birthday meal and negotiations between him and Mannerheim. Overall, Hitler spent about five hours in Finland; he reportedly asked the Finns to step up military operations against the Soviets, but apparently made no specific demands</span></b>.<br />
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/58/34/15834_r500.jpg" height="400" width="281" /><br />
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<img alt="Adolf Hitler saapuu Immolaan. Taustalla lentokone." height="274" src="https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload//w_1199,h_822,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto/13-3-10361278.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Adolf Hitleriä kuljettanut lentokone laskeutui Immolan lentokentälle 4.6.1942. Taustalla näkyy, miten sotilat sammuttavat koneen laskeutumisessa palamaan syttynyttä rengasta.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Airplane transported by Adolf Hitler landed at Immola Airport on June 4, 1942. The background shows how the soldiers turn off the ignited ring when the machine is landing.</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Adolf Hitler tervehtii suomalaista sotilasta" height="279" src="https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload//w_1199,h_839,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto/13-3-10361125.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Marsalkka Mannerheim suhtautui Hitleriin pidättyvästi ja halusi pitää tähän pienen välimatkan.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Marsalkka Mannerheim was reluctant to Hitler and wanted to keep this small distance.</span></b></div>
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<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/18/03/101803_r500.jpg" height="278" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Hitler's gift Mannerheim, Mercedes 770 F W150 Cabriolet </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(16.12.1941) to background.</b></div>
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<img alt="Adolf Hitler vierailulla Suomessa" height="400" src="https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload//w_1199,h_1750,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto/13-3-10361198.jpg" width="274" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Marsalkka Mannerheim tervehtii Adolf Hitleriä</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Marsalkka Mannerheim greeted Adolf Hitler</b></span></div>
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<img alt="Adolf Hitleri kättelee kenraalieversti Eduard Dietliä." height="276" src="https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload//w_1199,h_829,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto/13-3-10361181.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Adolf Hitleri kättelee kenraalieversti Eduard Dietliä.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler shakes hands with General Eduard Dietl.</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Adolf Hitler keskustelee Mannerheimin kanssa." height="276" src="https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload//w_1198,h_827,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto/13-3-10364163.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kuvassa keskustelevat valtakunnankansleri Adolf Hitler, Saksan kenraali ja sotamarsalkka Wilhelm Keitel ja marsalkka C.G.E. Mannerheim.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The photo will be debated by Emperor Chancellor Adolf Hitler, German General and Military Staff Wilhelm Keitel and Marshal C.G.E. Mannerheim</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Adolf Hitler ja marsalkka Mannerheim sekä sotilaita" height="274" src="https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload//w_1199,h_823,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto/13-3-10361189.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Valtakunnankansleri Adolf Hitler lahjoitti Mannerheimille kolme Steyr 1500 A/02 kommandeurwage Ktz 21 -maastoautoa. Ne oli tuotu Immolan jo pari päivää ennen tapaamista</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Emperor Chancellor Adolf Hitler donated three Steyr 1500 A / 02 commandeurwage Ktz 21 mast trucks to Mannerheim. They were imported Immola a few days before the meeting</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Adolf Hitler kävelee lankkusillan päällä." height="250" src="https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload//w_1199,h_750,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto/13-3-10371072.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Marsalkka Mannerheimin syntymäpäivillä vieraillut Adolf Hitler siirtyy lankkusiltaa pitkin saksalaisten neuvotteluun Ruokolahdella. Taustalla näkyy myös ylipäällikkö Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler, who has visited Marsalkka Mannerheim's birthday, goes to the German negotiation at Ruokolahti along the trench road. Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim is also in the background.</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Marsalkka Mannerheim tervehtii Adolf Hitleriä lentokentällä" height="279" src="https://images.cdn.yle.fi/image/upload//w_1199,h_838,f_auto,fl_lossy,q_auto/13-3-10361114.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler Immolan lentokentällä lähdössä takaisin Saksaan. Kuvassa vasemmalta tasavallan presidentti Rytin adjutantti Börje Lennartson Söderström, </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">marsalkka Mannerheim, </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">tasavallan presidentti Risto Ryti, </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Adolf Hitler, </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">kenraalisotamarsalkka Wilhelm Keitel ja </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">oikealla mustassa asepuvussa Saksan Suomen-suurlähettiläs Wipert von Blücher</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Adolf Hitler Immola's airport going back to Germany. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In the picture, on the left, the deputy Bytes Lennartson Söderström,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>President of the Republic, Rytin</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Marshal Mannerheim,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>President of the Republic Risto Ryti,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Adolf Hitler,</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Major General Wilhelm Keitel and</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>on the right, in the black uniform, German Ambassador Wipert von Blücher.</b></span>maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-63967296872138569942018-08-23T14:26:00.002+03:002018-08-23T14:26:36.191+03:00Branch of the road 1944<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Finnish sources estimate that the Soviet army lost about 600 tanks in the Battle of Tali-Ihantala, mainly to air attacks, artillery, and close defence weapons. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Between 120 and 280 Soviet aircraft were shot down. </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Finnish army reported that 8,561 men were wounded, missing, and/or killed in action. According to Finnish historian Ohto Manninen, the Soviets reported their losses as about 18,000–22,000 killed or wounded, based on the daily and 10-day summary casualty reports of the Soviet 21st Army. The uncertainty about casualties rises from the fact that 25 percent of the forces of the 21st Army didn't participate in the battle. </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In addition to the losses of the Soviet 21st Army, the 6th Rifle Corps of the Soviet 23rd Army that attacked east of the 21st Army closer to Vuoksi waterway suffered 7905 casualties, of which 1458 were killed in action (KIA) and 288 missing in action (MIA), without taking the losses of its supporting formations into account</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Kuvan mahdollinen sisältö: ainakin yksi henkilö, puu, ulkoilma ja luonto" height="263" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/38939082_1986398174745830_5392125036884656128_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=c9aa776a336e1f07c31adc9ae664cec3&oe=5BECE13A" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Infantry Regiment 12 (Continuation War)</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Enemy Bomber cut off the road in Ihantala.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="270" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1975069_695762850476042_1948156357_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=21dfc539580ddda46c5f766ebf725c43&oe=5BEE9056" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ihantala road crossing signs.</span></b></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="268" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1901898_695764147142579_1217002352_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=8190a89791b26343877319a0cf5cf861&oe=5BF490C4" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Finnish artillery fire was the heaviest in the country's military history. It was based on the famed fire correction method of Finnish Artillery General Vilho Petter Nenonen, which enabled easy fire correction and quick changes of targets.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">At the critical Ihantala sector of the battle, the Finnish defenders managed to concentrate their fire to the extent of smashing the advancing Soviet spearhead. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The clever fire control system enabled as many as 21 batteries, totaling some 250 guns, to fire at the same target simultaneously in the battle; the fire controller did not need to be aware of the location of individual batteries to guide their fire, which made quick fire concentration and target switching possible. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Finnish artillery fired altogether over 122,000 rounds of ordnance. This concentration was considered a world record at the time. These fire missions managed to halt and destroy Soviet forces that were assembling at their jumping off points. On thirty occasions the Soviet forces destroyed were larger than battalion size.</span></b></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="400" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1912155_695765077142486_1470287171_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=b80ac02dc5fdd2e515e720b14e325cdd&oe=5BFFE0C4" width="267" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Our artillery fire place. In the background: birch iron. side "Josef Stalin" and "Sotka" side by side, on the right side of the birch, also the destroyed "Sotka". In addition, at the right branch of the branch branch, a fallen, destroyed "Sotka"</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sotka is a T-34 long 86 tube (Sotka = Aythya fuligula).</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> <img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="400" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/10009797_695766693808991_316492187_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=8ca4fd60f50d882a38726805404e4afb&oe=5C36E1B2" width="265" /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After the battle, tobacco. Armor strike and shooter with weapons.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</span></b></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="268" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1239511_695768497142144_709240677_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=9cf6a76ea0d849a09f3af3e48c05b3b3&oe=5BF91004" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The rugged terrain of the shells in the direction of Ihantala.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Colonel Hanste inspect the traces</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</span></b></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="264" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1891045_695769147142079_2077082185_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=60bdc4724857dc8d09375e1026dda4fa&oe=5C355C9F" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> Armored bull and a shooter in his position.</b></span></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="268" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1920119_695771457141848_4566922_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=bed7f5e81dcc04953de268f09263b8e0&oe=5BFA63F2" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Examination of the remains of T-34/86</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</span></b></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="261" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1896909_696035683782092_1612357563_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=5c9be0d1ede0ca69c7789998786f6a51&oe=5C33FCD6" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">T-34 armor drivers tomb.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The cross is a Finnish soldier who wrote the uncle of Russia</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</span></b></div>
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<img alt="Kuvan mahdollinen sisältö: 1 henkilö" height="400" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/10007446_696036410448686_1767654173_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=7af6d3ba5cea577845bc840060843a0d&oe=5C3394AD" width="268" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SMG shooter. Sotamies P.Kanervikko Ihantalan "Cemetary" block.</span></b></div>
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<img alt="Kuvan mahdollinen sisältö: 2 henkilöä" height="269" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1510563_696038080448519_661127951_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=9a52b1751596ac440ddfaa90ade0d302&oe=5C02B847" width="400" /></div>
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Commitators in the negotiation.</div>
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Lieutenant General Laatikainen on the right, in the center of General Fable and Left. Colonel Hanste.</div>
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The picture was taken on the edge of Ihantala on July 10, 1944 in the evening.</div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="265" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1979467_696039550448372_1605260984_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=b734b7b83e99e494eaa264c620e1e622&oe=5C008E3A" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Investigating motor vehicles.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.10</span></b></div>
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<img alt="Kuvan mahdollinen sisältö: 2 henkilöä" height="262" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1525245_696040233781637_1605350946_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=077f3f2a81ce817cbbdbc0c724519d45&oe=5C0B2A8A" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lieutenant-Colonel Airimo, battalion commander in JR 12.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Commander of the battalion with the nearest officers in front of his dungeon.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ihantala 1944.07.14</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="267" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1939501_696042940448033_1392156174_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=8f40c1f470c4a149c658057a0d66996f&oe=5C00560D" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Training at the front. (Men of JR 12)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="400" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/10151938_709247342460926_2107952144138620446_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=95a7f60bf07132fafbc47043414ebccc&oe=5BFBE170" width="267" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><div>
Infantry Group leader, Undercover Schroderus Coffee Soup Wood.</div>
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Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="266" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1948004_699463523439308_1458071187_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=89fc4d7c89f4817af8be189c5779ea43&oe=5C364E89" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A machine gun man ready to fire at the grenade hole.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="400" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1618416_695180713867589_429840935_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=cce681e3ca9c161c4c39a6e66b726bba&oe=5C09599A" width="264" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Snooping time during battles.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="282" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1620936_695300707188923_2070046803_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=a61bd76ab1aa2d77c217cfa796cd0b43&oe=5C3BADF2" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6./JR 12 command post.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lieutenants S. Mikkonen, E. Heikkilä, R. Purhonen, Second Lieutenant H. Haikala. August 1941.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kiesting's front</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="263" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1901294_695367187182275_1313529816_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=d519057a903e0aff87445bb69e58cedf&oe=5C079A03" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The battle-sending crossing opens in the direction of Ihantala.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="264" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1011279_695373933848267_615646148_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=d7d3ab1f0e5a15d142ad0a73ac43d82a&oe=5BF94CD9" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The team leader is the front-runner in the inspection round.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sergeant Lohela with her husband in front of Ihanantala's crossroads.</span></b></div>
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<img alt="Kuvan mahdollinen sisältö: 3 henkilöä" height="263" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1978658_695374560514871_464942692_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=7a46d1535efc902376d92cac85b7156a&oe=5C05BFDE" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Sleeping time in yard of a house at edge of the village of Ihantala. Man fun with his friends.</b></span></div>
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<img alt="Kuvan mahdollinen sisältö: 1 henkilö" height="264" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1925020_695375480514779_291988248_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=c0425fc0db1b78250a5c03fc04d323f4&oe=5C05DED7" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Over-Sergeant, "Panzerschrecks" shooter Esko Määttä, which destroyed the turn Ihantala June-July four enemy armor half hour battle.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</b></span></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="263" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/10001397_695377187181275_283288270_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=e8a10920b661b4551a2279335e504105&oe=5C3AD61D" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">An armored man waiting for a new goal. Behind is destroyed T 34.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></b><img alt="Kuvan mahdollinen sisältö: 1 henkilö" height="400" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1972252_695379563847704_766273030_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=a9c7fb167e59e18907acbbe5aeb7ed3c&oe=5BF45DAF" width="263" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: #1d2129;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;">Jägäre Mielty, an enemy armor destroyer. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="267" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/3612_695380380514289_1002391158_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=527a73d2141f12c9e064c09576dd8a73&oe=5BFA26B0" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The 18-year-old anti-armor Koskinen aiming for armored bazookas</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="265" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1240447_695753707143623_1450674901_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=c2272ac9eb1c4a80a62ae29a8b2ca339&oe=5C364C3D" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The JSU-152 type of assault rifle has been destroyed at the Ihantala crossroads. Ihantala, JR 12 area 1944.07.11</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></b><img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="400" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1622104_695755517143442_1789673927_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=cbf6c5fbb3766472203f61e19774b32b&oe=5BF678BF" width="263" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>At the well. Refresh yourself to thirst during July's battle days</b></span></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="400" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/65419_695757020476625_1132557936_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=e73f01b0c822fe7ecea6e6445fc33181&oe=5BF15E17" width="263" /></div>
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<u><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">submachine men's rest time</span></b></u></div>
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<u> <img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="400" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1898094_695759380476389_712364751_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=e8ae32d0ceb1a123111fc4ebf2ebc020&oe=5BF59CC4" width="264" /></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="font-weight: bold;">
The armor-bearer is waiting. In the background, destroyed an enemy tank.</div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="264" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1891045_695769147142079_2077082185_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=60bdc4724857dc8d09375e1026dda4fa&oe=5C355C9F" width="400" /></div>
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<b>Armored Horror shooter in position</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="262" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1975088_695365340515793_1601774476_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=f9fe02d840082b80c6e4e3a41ea34837&oe=5C08EC83" width="400" /></div>
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<b>The road under fire is crossed in Ihantala.</b></div>
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<img alt="Ei automaattista vaihtoehtoista tekstiä saatavilla." height="270" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/1975069_695762850476042_1948156357_n.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=21dfc539580ddda46c5f766ebf725c43&oe=5BEE9056" width="400" /></div>
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<b>More neighbor's armors are coming whit road</b></div>
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</span></u></div>
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<u><br /></u></div>
maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-66159315305444765502018-08-14T23:13:00.000+03:002018-08-14T23:13:14.136+03:00Hello all friends and visitors<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>I've had a long break again.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The reason is the rhythm of the heart and it got very fast but only 150-180 per minute, not higher this time.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>I was in the hospital for three weeks, and there the rhythm fell and keeps for long breaks.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>So I was installed with a chest by Boston Scientie pacemaker in my.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The device keeps the heart rhythm so that it does not fall below 60 strokes per minute.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>This is the second time.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The earlier was 2014.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> <iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QmRTw5ufySU" width="560"></iframe>
</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>They can not stop my heart and start again, reason is a blood clot risk, so only way is pills (this moment), and at least this time the flutter phenomenon has eased.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>But, this way i must go, the age is soon 68 years, and my life looks very nice this moment</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>I'm try writing to something new and same old stories...</b></span>maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-66951109077564907892018-06-29T11:27:00.000+03:002018-06-29T11:27:04.325+03:00 Salòn rebublic<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Italian Social Republic (Italian: Repubblica Sociale Italiana, pronunciation: [reˈpubblika soˈt͡ʃale itaˈljana]; RSI), informally known as the Republic of Salò (Italian: Repubblica di Salò, [reˈpubblika di saˈlɔ]), was a German puppet state with limited recognition that was created during the later part of World War II, existing from the beginning of German occupation of Italy in September 1943 until the surrender of German troops in Italy in May 1945.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Italian Social Republic was the second and last incarnation of the Italian Fascist state and was led by Duce Benito Mussolini and his reformed anti-monarchist Republican Fascist Party which tried to modernise and revise fascist doctrine into a more moderate and sophisticated direction. The state declared Rome its capital, but was de facto centered on Salò (hence its colloquial name), a small town on Lake Garda, near Brescia, where Mussolini and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were headquartered. The Italian Social Republic exercised nominal sovereignty in Northern and Central Italy, but was largely dependent on German troops to maintain control.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In July 1943, after the Allies had pushed Italy out of North Africa and subsequently invaded Sicily, the Grand Fascist Council—with the support of King Victor Emmanuel III—overthrew and arrested Mussolini. The new government began secret peace negotiations with the Allied powers. When the Armistice of Cassibile was announced 8 September, Germany was prepared and quickly intervened. Germany seized control of the northern half of Italy, freed Mussolini and brought him to the German-occupied area to establish a satellite regime. The Italian Social Republic was proclaimed on 23 September 1943. Although the RSI claimed most of the lands of Italy as rightfully belonging to it, it held political control over a vastly reduced portion of Italy. The RSI received diplomatic recognition from only Germany, Japan and their puppet states.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Around 25 April 1945, Mussolini's fascist republic collapsed. In Italy, this day is known as Liberation Day (festa della liberazione). On this day a general partisan uprising, alongside the efforts of Allied forces during their final offensive in Italy, managed to oust the Germans from Italy almost entirely. At the point of its demise, the Italian Social Republic had existed for slightly more than nineteen months. On 27 April, partisans caught Mussolini, his mistress (Clara Petacci), several RSI ministers and several other Italian Fascists while they were attempting to flee. On 28 April, the partisans shot Mussolini and most of the other captives. The RSI Minister of Defense Rodolfo Graziani surrendered what was left of the Italian Social Republic on 1 May, one day before that the German forces in Italy capitulated—this put a definitive end to the Italian Social Republic.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Hz1Z9xMO1jk/WzXio0kdPDI/AAAAAAAAfu4/Jnpqpu_BQqEvXH5CCzaaTD8m-zw3Y-pgwCEwYBhgL/s1600/rs%2B10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="800" height="296" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Hz1Z9xMO1jk/WzXio0kdPDI/AAAAAAAAfu4/Jnpqpu_BQqEvXH5CCzaaTD8m-zw3Y-pgwCEwYBhgL/s400/rs%2B10.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>On 24 July 1943, after the Allied landings in Sicily on a motion by Dino Grandi the Grand Fascist Council voted a motion of no confidence in Mussolini. Mussolini's position had been undermined by a series of military defeats from the start of Italy's entry into the war in June 1940, including the bombing of Rome, the loss of the African colonies and the Allied invasions of Sicily and the southern Italian Peninsula.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The next day, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini from office and ordered him arrested. By this time, the monarchy, a number of Fascist government members and the general Italian population had grown tired of the futile war effort which had driven Italy into subordination and subjugation under Nazi Germany. The failed war effort left Mussolini humiliated at home and abroad as a "sawdust Caesar". Under Marshal Pietro Badoglio, the new government began secret negotiations with the Allied powers and made preparations for the capitulation of Italy. These surrender talks implied a commitment from Badoglio not only to leave the Axis alliance, but also to have Italy declare war on Germany.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>While the Germans formally recognised the new status quo in Italian politics, they intervened by sending some of the best units of the Wehrmacht to Italy. This was done both to resist new Allied advances and to face the predictably imminent defection of Italy. While Badoglio continued to swear loyalty to Germany and the Axis powers, Italian government emissaries prepared to sign an armistice at Cassibile in Allied-occupied Sicily, which was finalized on 3 September.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>On 8 September, Badoglio announced Italy's armistice with the Allies (although termed an "armistice", its terms made it akin to an unconditional surrender). German Führer Adolf Hitler and his staff, long aware of the negotiations, acted immediately by ordering German troops to seize control of Northern and Central Italy. The Germans disarmed the Italian troops and took over all of the Italian Army's materials and equipment. The Germans also dissolved the Italian occupation zone in southeastern France and forced Italian troops stationed there to leave. The Italian armed forces were not given clear orders to resist the Germans following the armistice and so resistance to the German takeover was scattered and of little effect. King Victor Emmanuel made no effort to rally resistance to the Germans, instead fleeing with his retinue to the safety of the Allied lines.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The new Italian government had moved Mussolini from place to place while he was in captivity in an attempt to foil any attempts at rescue. Despite this, the Germans eventually pinpointed Mussolini at the Campo Imperatore Hotel at Gran Sasso. On 12 September, Mussolini was liberated by the Germans in Operation Eiche in the mountains of Abruzzo, while the Italian carabinieri were allegedly placed under orders to not fire their weapons at the raiders, rendering them defenseless. After being liberated, Mussolini was flown to Bavaria. Gathering what support he still had among the Italian population, his liberation made it possible for a new German-dependent Fascist Italian state to be created.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Three days following his rescue in the Gran Sasso raid, Mussolini was taken to Germany for a meeting with Hitler in Rastenburg at his East Prussian headquarters. While Mussolini was in poor health and wanted to retire, Hitler wanted him to return to Italy and set up a new Fascist state. When Mussolini balked, Hitler threatened to destroy Milan, Genoa and Turin unless he went along. Reluctantly, Mussolini agreed to Hitler's demands.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Italian Social Republic was proclaimed on 23 September, with Mussolini as both head of state and prime minister. The RSI claimed Rome as its capital, but the de facto capital became the small town of Salò on Lake Garda, midway between Milan and Venice, where Mussolini resided along with the foreign office of the RSI. While Rome itself was still under Axis control at the time, given the city's proximity to Allied lines and the threat of civil unrest, neither the Germans nor Mussolini himself wanted him to return to Rome.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>On 18 September, Mussolini made his first public address to the Italian people since his rescue, in which he commended the loyalty of Hitler as an ally while condemning Victor Emmanuel for betraying Italian Fascism. He declared: "It is not the regime that has betrayed the monarchy, it is the monarchy that has betrayed the regime". He also formally repudiated his previous support of the monarchy, saying: "When a monarchy fails in its duties, it loses every reason for being...The state we want to establish will be national and social in the highest sense of the word; that is, it will be Fascist, thus returning to our origins".</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>From the start, the Italian Social Republic was little more than a puppet state dependent entirely upon Germany. Mussolini himself knew this; even as he stated in public that he was in full control of the RSI, he was well aware that he was little more than the Gauleiter of Lombardy. The RSI had no constitution or organized economy, and its financing was dependent entirely on funding from Berlin.[9] German forces themselves had little respect for Mussolini's failed fascist movement, and saw the regime merely as a tool for maintaining order, such as repressing the Italian partisans. This work was also carried out by the infamous Pietro Koch and the Banda Koch on Germany's behalf.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The RSI received diplomatic recognition from only Germany, Japan and their puppet states. Even the otherwise sympathetic Spain refused to establish formal diplomatic relations with the RSI.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The RSI took revenge against the 19 members who had voted against Mussolini on the Grand Council with the Verona trial (processo di Verona) which handed down a death sentence to all of the accused but one. Only six of the 19 were in RSI custody (Giovanni Marinelli, Carlo Pareschi, Luciano Gottardi, Tullio Cianetti, Emilio De Bono and Mussolini's own son-in-law Galeazzo Ciano). They (except for Tullio Cianetti who got a life sentence) were all executed on 11 January 1944 in the fort of San Procolo in Verona.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Territorial losses</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The changing political and military situation re-opened questions regarding the status of Italian territories, particularly those with German-speaking majorites that were formerly under Austrian rule. Previously, Hitler had vigorously suppressed any campaigning for the return of lands such as South Tyrol in order to maintain good relations with his Italian ally. In the aftermath of the Kingdom of Italy's abandonment of the Axis on 8 September 1943, Germany seized and de facto incorporated some Italian territories. On the other hand, Hitler refused to officially annex South Tyrol in spite of urging by local German officials and instead supported having the RSI hold official sovereignty over these territories and forbade all measures that would give the impression of official annexation of South Tyrol. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>However, in practice the territory of South Tyrol within the boundaries defined by Germany as Operationszone Alpenvorland that included Trento, Bolzano and Belluno were de facto incorporated into Germany's Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg and administered by its Gauleiter Franz Hofer. The region identified by Germany as Operationszone Adriatisches Küstenland that included Udine, Gorizia, Trieste, Pola and Fiume were de facto incorporated into Reichsgau Kärnten and administered by its Gauleiter Friedrich Rainer.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>On 10 September 1943, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) declared that the Treaties of Rome of 18 May 1941 with the Kingdom of Italy were null and void and annexed the portion of Dalmatia that had been annexed from Yugoslavia to the Kingdom of Italy in the Treaties of Rome. The NDH attempted to annex Zara that had been a recognized territory of Italy since 1919, but Germany did not allow the NDH to do so. Because of these actions by the NDH, the RSI held the NDH in contempt and refused to have diplomatic relations with the NDH or to recognize its territorial claims</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>After the Italian capitulation, the Italian Aegean Islands were occupied by the Germans (see Dodecanese campaign). During the German occupation, the islands remained under the nominal sovereignty of the RSI, but were de facto subject to the German military command.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Italian concession of Tientsin in China was ceded by the RSI to the Japanese puppet Wang Jingwei regime.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>During the existence of the Italian Social Republic, Mussolini, whose government had banned trade unions and strikes, began to make increasingly populist appeals to the working class. He claimed to regret many of the decisions made earlier in supporting the interests of big business and promised a new beginning, if the Italian people would be willing to grant him a second chance. Mussolini claimed that he had never totally abandoned his left-wing influences, insisting he had attempted to nationalize property in 1939–1940, but had been forced to delay such action for tactical reasons related to the war. With the removal of the monarchy, Mussolini claimed the full ideology of Fascism could be pursued and to gain popular support reversed over twenty years of Fascist support of private property and relative economic independence by ordering the nationalization of all companies with over 100 employees.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b> Mussolini even reached out to ex communist Nicola Bombacci to help him in spreading the image that Fascism was a progressive movement. The economic policy of the RSI was given the name "Socialization" and Mussolini had even considered the idea of calling his new republic the “Italian ‘Socialist’ Republic”. In practice, little resulted from the declared socialization of the economy. Unions did not exert real control of their management and took no part in state planning (as they had the power to do on paper after the socialization). The Italian industrial sector was excluded from the new reforms by the Germans and Italian industrialists were opposed to the changes in any case. The Italian labor force (large parts of which had remained leftist despite fascist rule) regarded socialization as a sham and responded with a massive strike on 1 March 1944.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In Greece, while the government of the Kingdom of Italy surrendered and many Italian soldiers in the Aegean were tired of the war and had become opposed to Mussolini, Italian Fascist loyalists remained allied to Germany in the Greek campaign. In September 1943, General Mario Soldarelli rallied Fascist Blackshirts and Italian soldiers loyal to Mussolini to continue the war, along with military men who felt it was dishonorable to turn on an ally and with those who had developed comradely feelings toward the Germans. German forces in Greece convinced 10,000 Italians in the Aegean to continue to support their war effort.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In 1944, Mussolini urged Hitler to focus on destroying Britain rather than the Soviet Union, as Mussolini claimed that it was Britain which had turned the conflict into a world war and that the British Empire must be destroyed in order for peace to come in Europe. Mussolini wanted to conduct a small offensive along the Gothic Line against the Allies with his new RSI Divisions; in December 1944, the Alpine Division "Monte Rosa" with some German battalions fought the Battle of Garfagnana with some success. As the situation became desperate with Allied forces in control of most of Italy and from February 1945 resumed to pushing the Axis forces to North of Gothic Line, Mussolini declared that "he would fight to the last Italian" and spoke of turning Milan into the "Stalingrad of Italy", where Fascism would make its last glorious fight. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Benito Mussolini rescued by German troops from his prison in Campo Imperatore on 12 September 1943</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Despite such strong rhetoric, Mussolini considered evacuating Fascists into Switzerland, although this was opposed by Germany, which instead proposed that Mussolini and key Fascist officials be taken into exile in Germany.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Further disintegration of support for his government occurred as fascist and German military officials secretly tried to negotiate a truce with Allied forces, without consulting either Mussolini or Hitler.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>RSI military formations</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Women volunteers served in uniform as noncombatants in paramilitary units and police formations (Servizio Ausiliario Femminile). The commander was the brigadier general Piera Gatteschi Fondelli.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Army</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Smaller units like the Black Brigades (Brigate nere) led by Alessandro Pavolini and the Decima Flottiglia MAS led by Junio Valerio Borghese (called "principe nero", the Black Prince) fought for the RSI during its entire existence. The Germans were satisfied if these units were able to participate in anti-partisan activities. While varying in their effectiveness, some of these units surpassed expectations.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In March 1944, the bulk of the 1st Italian volunteers Storm Brigade were sent to the Anzio beachhead where they fought alongside their German allies, receiving favorable reports and taking heavy losses. In recognition of their performance, Heinrich Himmler declared the unit to be fully integrated into the Waffen SS.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>On 16 October 1943, the Rastenburg Protocol was signed with Nazi Germany and the RSI was allowed to raise division-sized military formations. This protocol allowed Marshal Rodolfo Graziani to raise four RSI divisions totalling 52,000 men. In July 1944, the first of these divisions completed training and was sent to the front.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Recruiting military forces was difficult for the RSI as most of the Italian Army had been interned by German forces in 1943, many military-aged Italians had been conscripted into forced labour in Germany and few wanted to participate in the war. The RSI became so desperate for soldiers that it granted convicts freedom, if they would join the army and the sentence of death was imposed on anyone who opposed being conscripted. Autonomous military forces in the RSI also fought against the Allies including the notorious Decima Flottiglia MAS of Prince Junio Valerio Borghese. Borghese held no allegiance to Mussolini and even suggested that he would take him prisoner if he could.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>During the winter of 1944–1945, armed Italians were on both sides of the Gothic Line. On the Allied side were four Italian groups of volunteers from the old Italian army. These Italian volunteers were equipped and trained by the British. On the Axis side were four RSI divisions. Three of the RSI divisions, the 2nd Italian "Littorio" Infantry Division, the 3rd Italian "San Marco" Marine Division and the 4th Italian Monterosa Alpine Division were allocated to the LXXXXVII "Liguria" Army under Graziani and were placed to guard the western flank of the Gothic Line facing France. The fourth RSI division, the 1st Italian "Italia" Infantry Division, was attached to the German 14th Army in a sector of the Apennine Mountains thought least likely to be attacked.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>On 26 December 1944, several sizeable RSI military units, including elements of the 4th Italian "Monterosa Division" Alpine Division and the 3rd Italian "San Marco" Marine Division, participated in Operation Winter Storm. This was a combined German and Italian offensive against the 92nd Infantry Division. The battle was fought in the Apennines. While limited in scale, this was a successful offensive and the RSI units did their part.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The RSI military was under the command of General Alfredo Guzzoni while Field Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, the former governor-general of Italian Libya, was the RSI's Minister of Defense and commander-in-chief of the German Army Group Liguria. Mussolini, as Duce and head of state of RSI assumed supreme command over all military forces of the RSI.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In February 1945, the 92nd Infantry Division again came up against RSI units. This time it was Bersaglieri of the 1st Italian "Italia" Infantry Division. The Italians successfully halted the United States division's advance.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>However, the situation continued to deteriorate for the Axis forces on Gothic Line.[30] By mid-April, the final Allied offensive in Italy had led German defenses to collapse. In the end of that month, the last remaining troops of RSI were bottled up along with two Wehrmacht Divisions at Collecchio by 1st Brazilian Division being forced to surrender after some days of fighting.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>On 29 April, Graziani surrendered and was present at Caserta when a representative of German General Heinrich von Vietinghoff-Scheel signed the unconditional instrument of surrender for all Axis forces in Italy, but since the Allies had never recognised the RSI Graziani's signature was not required at Caserta.[34] The surrender was to take effect on 2 May; Graziani ordered the RSI forces under his command to lay down their arms on 1 May.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The National Republican Air Force ( </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Aeronautic Na</b><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">zionale Repubblicana or ANR) was the air force of Italian Social Republic and also the air unit of National Republican Army in World War II. Its tactical organization was: 3 Fighter Groups, 1 Air Torpedo Bomber Group, 1 Bomber Group and other Transport and minor units. The ANR worked closely with German Air Force (Luftwaffe) in Northern Italy, even if the Germans unsuccessfully tried to disband the ANR forcing its pilots to enlist in the Luftwaffe.</b><br />
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<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle rsi National Republican Air Force" height="260" src="http://www.ww2incolor.com/d/684460-2/G55-DIAV-ROSSI" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">RSI Red Devils</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle rsi National Republican Air Force" height="261" src="http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/images/falco_35.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In 1944, after the withdrawal of all German fighter units in the attempt to stop the increased Allied offensive on the German mainland, ANR fighter groups were left alone and heavily outnumbered to face the massive Allied air offensive over Northern Italy. In the operation time of 1944 and 1945, the ANR managed to shoot down 262 Allied aircraft with the loss of 158 in action.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Little of the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) joined the RSI. This was because the bulk of the Italian navy was ordered to steam to Malta at the time of the armistice, out of reach of the Germans and the RSI. The RSI's National Republican Navy (Marina Nazionale Repubblicana or MNR) only reached a twentieth the size of the co-belligerent Italian fleet. The RSI Navy largely consisted of nine motor torpedo boats (two large and seven small), dozens of MTSM small motor torpedo boats and MTM explosive motorboats. The National Republican Navy also operated fifteen CB-class midget submarines (ten in the Adriatic and five in the Black Sea) and one larger submarine, CM1.</b></span><br />
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<img alt="Aiheeseen liittyvä kuva" height="370" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Fighter_Seacraft-_Motor_Torpedo_Boats%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1943_D12509.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<img alt="Aiheeseen liittyvä kuva" height="245" src="http://ilterzonano.altervista.org/ilterzonano/Guerre/XX_secolo/2GM/marina_militare/img/ms_75.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Troops of the Decima Flottiglia MAS (elite Italian frogman corps) fought primarily as a land unit of the RSI.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Some of the naval personnel at the BETASOM submarine base in Bordeaux remained loyal to Mussolini.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The fall of the Fascist regime in Italy and the disbandment of the MVSN saw the establishment of the Republican National Guard (Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana or GNR), the Republican Police Corps (Corpo di Polizia Repubblicana) and the emergence of the Black Brigades (brigate nere). The GNR consisted of former MVSN, carabinieri, soldiers, Italian Africa Police and others still loyal to the Fascist cause, while the Republican Police Corps was the successor agency of the Public security complex formed by the Directorate of Public Security and the Public Security Agents Corps. </b></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Black Brigade was formed from the new fascist party members both young and old. Both units fought alongside Nazi and Schutzstaffel (SS) counterparts in an extensive anti partisan war. The Black Brigades committed many atrocities in their fight against the Italian resistance movement and political enemies. On 15 August 1944, the GNR became a part of the Army.</b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In post-war Italian politics</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>While the RSI supported Nazi Germany, it allowed the Italian Fascist movement to build a completely totalitarian state. During the preceding twenty years of Fascist association with the Savoy monarchy of the Kingdom of Italy, the Fascists had been restricted in some of their actions by the monarchy. The formation of the RSI allowed Mussolini to at last be the official head of an Italian state and it allowed the Fascists to return to their earlier republic stances. Most prominent figures of post-war Italian far-right politics (parliamentary or extraparliamentary) were in some way associated with the experience of the RSI. Among them were Filippo Anfuso, Pino Romualdi, Rodolfo Graziani, Junio Valerio Borghese, Licio Gelli and Giorgio Almirante.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>A number of postage stamps were issued by the Republic of Salò: first Italian issues were overprinted with a fasces and later locally produced ones were made.</b></span><br />
<img alt="Tiedosto: Italian sosiaalihallinto 1943 Map.png" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Italian_Social_Republic_1943_Map.png/583px-Italian_Social_Republic_1943_Map.png" width="388" /><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Pier Paolo Pasolini's 1975 film Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom is an adaptation of Marquis de Sade's The 120 Days of Sodom, set in the Republic of Salò instead of 18th century France. It uses the source material as an allegory; the atrocities in the movie did not actually happen, while most of the choices of milieus, clothing, uniforms, weapons and other details are historically correct.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Roberto Benigni's 1997 Life is Beautiful is also set in the Republic of Salò. Bernardo Bertolucci's 1976 Novecento set his story in Emilia, being at the time a province of the Italian Social Republic, even though this is never mentioned in the movie. Wild Blood tells the true story of the Fascist film stars Luisa Ferida and Osvaldo Valenti and their support for the Republic.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Futurist writer/poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, a Mussolini loyalist who had helped shape Fascist philosophy, remained in the RSI as a propagandist until his death from a heart attack at Bellagio in December, 1944.</b></span><br />
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maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-20056830060810284992018-06-16T11:31:00.002+03:002018-06-16T20:44:06.503+03:00For Sale T-34-85<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The sold T-34-85 has been driven into its current position, but the switched gear and brakes are on. </span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There is no knowledge of the fitness for work and fitness is satisfactory.</span></b><br />
<br />
<img alt="Panssarivaunu T3798-4" src="http://reservilainen.fi/files/1099/1140/Panssarivaunu_T3798-4.JPG" height="319" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Price 15.000€</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">--------------------</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The sale also includes anti-aircraft, field and armor cartridges</b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">----------------</span></b>maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-73156113143840210672018-06-14T19:27:00.001+03:002018-06-14T19:27:22.953+03:00Syria–Lebanon campagni<div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Syria–Lebanon campagn</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">i</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, also known as Operation Exporter, was the British invasion of Vichy French Syria and Lebanon from June–July 1941, during the Second World War. The French had ceded autonomy to Syria in September 1936, with the right to maintain armed forces and two airfields in the territory.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On 1 April 1941, the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état had taken place and Iraq had come under the control of Iraqi nationalists led by Rashid Ali, who appealed for German support. The Anglo-Iraqi War (2–31 May 1941) led to the overthrow of the Ali regime and the installation of a British puppet government. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The British invaded Syria and Lebanon in June, to prevent Nazi Germany from using the Vichy French -controlled Syrian Republic and French Lebanon as bases for attacks on the Kingdom of Egypt, during an invasion scare in the aftermath of the German victories in the Battle of Greece (6–30 April 1941) and the Battle of Crete (20 May – 1 June). In the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) in North Africa, the British were preparing Operation Battleaxe to relieve the Siege of Tobruk and were fighting the East African Campaign (10 June 1940 – 27 November 1941) in Ethiopia and Eritrea.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Vichy French made a vigorous defence of Syria; but, on 10 July, as the 21st Australian Brigade was on the verge of entering Beirut, the French sought an armistice. At one minute past midnight on 12 July, a ceasefire came into effect and ended the campaign. The Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre (Convention of Acre) was signed on 14 July at the Sidney Smith Barracks on the outskirts of the city . Time magazine referred to the fighting as a "mixed show" while it was taking place and the campaign remains little known, even in the countries that took part. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There is evidence that the British censored reportage of the fighting because politicians believed that hostilities against French forces could have a negative effect on public opinion in English-speaking countries.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In May 1941, Admiral François Darlan on behalf of Vichy France signed the Paris Protocols, an agreement with the Germans. The protocols granted Germany access to military facilities in Vichy-controlled Syria. The protocols remained unratified, but Charles Huntziger, the Vichy Minister of War, sent orders to Henri Dentz, the High Commissioner for the Levant , to allow aircraft of the German Luftwaffe and Italian Regia Aeronautica to refuel in Syria. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FCipAJszgzs/WyKQalV8fRI/AAAAAAAAftU/i7mYOoGB9Vw1uUQz8vrcC7aA-5f6OpslgCEwYBhgL/s1600/syr8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="202" data-original-width="250" height="258" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FCipAJszgzs/WyKQalV8fRI/AAAAAAAAftU/i7mYOoGB9Vw1uUQz8vrcC7aA-5f6OpslgCEwYBhgL/s320/syr8.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></span></div>
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Marked as Iraqi aircraft, Axis aircraft under Fliegerführer Irak landed in Syria, en route to the Kingdom of Iraq during the Anglo-Iraqi War. The Germans also requested permission from the Vichy authorities to use Syrian railways to send armaments to Iraqi nationalists in Mosul. General Archibald Percival Wavell, the Commander-in-Chief of Middle East Command, was reluctant to intervene in Syria, despite government prodding, because of the situation in the Western Desert, the imminent German attack on Crete and doubts about Free French pretensions.</div>
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<table class="infobox vevent" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Syria–Lebanon campaign</span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Part of the <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhgMaJDJp5Au8afg6reFwhKO9XvSRw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East theatre</a> of the <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhhb3PaxKBKAass7NsBr4Ia9W-G9mw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World War II">Second World War</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON,_1941_AUS533.jpg&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhhBDNaHMDFc5LD5QLAfpog-lAsMug" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="AUSTRALIAN FORCES IN LEBANON, 1941 AUS533.jpg" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="575" height="417" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg/300px-AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg/450px-AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/AUSTRALIAN_FORCES_IN_LEBANON%2C_1941_AUS533.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><br />
<span class="notranslate">Australian troops among the ruins of the <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon_Sea_Castle&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhgWlMV-zzqWDf-dCAfINZLXWxOxZQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sidon Sea Castle">old Crusader castle</a> at <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhie-VbGk-pFRZ3l63m1q2XHJ_Hxrg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> , Lebanon, July 1941</span></td></tr>
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<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Date</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">8 June – 14 July 1941</span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Location</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Syria and Lebanon</span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Result</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Allied victory</span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Territorial</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">changes</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Syria and Lebanon taken over by Free France</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Belligerents</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="640" data-file-width="1280" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhhyK1lZ9YfhvXCmocF7r3kIBTBu_Q" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australia">Australia</a></span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhh4Npr9F_qkxoe0UKJxw-17fNvm4w" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjArAl3NMeDwc9gplH-SXLt1bQhLg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British Raj"><img alt="British Raj" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="600" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjArAl3NMeDwc9gplH-SXLt1bQhLg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British Raj">British India</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhgRYUyOe7EgKhq3VxXKV1rZaTcCQg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Palestine</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhhYoCGO6LsIf2Qg_cnw0leFFVc-Mw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="420" data-file-width="840" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhgDgRrzR84DsYIV6glltCu4CpnjYA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a></span></li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="450" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhg3Ozt9Z6sH-dgq75Oj2HtkyTndEA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Free France">Free France</a></span> </div>
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhg0Hn3gBHDPyxaPTwOIqWV1D8tCnQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Czechoslovakia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhgSPPDDH7I9KOW9Ol1D6MbcCpAisQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovakia</a></span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjWo4Dml0gBKPn3_A7w40LcAT6C0Q" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></div>
<ul style="list-style-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=%22http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%22 width=%225%22 height=%2213%22%3E %3Ccircle cx=%222.5%22 cy=%229.5%22 r=%222.5%22 fill=%22%2300528c%22/%3E %3C/svg%3E"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="450" data-file-width="900" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Syria_%281932-1958%3B_1961-1963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria_%281932-1958%3B_1961-1963%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Syria_%281932-1958%3B_1961-1963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria_%281932-1958%3B_1961-1963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Syria_%281932-1958%3B_1961-1963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Syria_%281932-1958%3B_1961-1963%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Syrian_Republic&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhj0JZei7j8ldU8ecG9cqIg6XiCZaQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Syria</a></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="496" data-file-width="744" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/23px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/35px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lebanese_French_flag.svg/45px-Lebanese_French_flag.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Lebanon&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjFwEpJ0HtoKJpUJykfHep1Vuil-g" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greater Lebanon">French Lebanon</a></span></li>
</ul>
<hr style="background-color: #a2a9b1; border: 0px; color: #a2a9b1; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px;" />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjBsRxwfrlCFhilRCA8zKFN_E6kFw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhgBvMoiQFBnbXAwUTq4IGB9C80Dvw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Commanders and leaders</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhh4Npr9F_qkxoe0UKJxw-17fNvm4w" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Wavell&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjqtGUdRzeJJe0UnvAx6XlSgq0-4Q" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a></span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhh4Npr9F_qkxoe0UKJxw-17fNvm4w" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhgrJ2oIG8lOv1ulLMFomA5GG5QppQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Henry Maitland Wilson</a></span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhhyK1lZ9YfhvXCmocF7r3kIBTBu_Q" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="640" data-file-width="1280" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lavarack&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjuDyyo5ZwnnwBMYnoeyup5Lj2G-Q" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Lavarack">John Lavarack</a></span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhg3Ozt9Z6sH-dgq75Oj2HtkyTndEA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="450" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Legentilhomme&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhirFBT8UPbClHD5PecHP2OLp6nzqA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Legentilhomme">Paul Legentilhomme</a></span><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhg0Hn3gBHDPyxaPTwOIqWV1D8tCnQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Czechoslovakia" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Klap%25C3%25A1lek&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhgudCg8SjT5_7RgmDjzmy-7ooSVmg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karel Klapálek">Karel Klapálek</a></span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjWo4Dml0gBKPn3_A7w40LcAT6C0Q" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vichy France"><img alt="Vichy France" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Dentz&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjG0IZPRSFTNyS8uRWQIkcbIzaAOA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henri Dentz">Henri Dentz</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Strength</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="notranslate">~34,000 troops</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">50+ aircraft</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">1 <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Glengyle&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjTNje0C8ryXjksICaDuAPBv35i1g" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="HMS Glengyle">landing ship</a></span><br />
<span class="notranslate">5 <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhiotAA26bn4VD4kDkItKMpP3wmCmw" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a></span><br />
<span class="notranslate">8 destroyers</span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="notranslate">45,000 troops</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">90 tanks</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">289 aircraft</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">2 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%25C3%25A9pard_class_destroyer&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhhpsx0Dr5mSj-mvlpCsB7Jem3qKDA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guépard class destroyer">destroyers</a></span><br />
<span class="notranslate">3 submarines</span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Casualties and losses</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="notranslate"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr></span> <span class="notranslate"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">4,652</span></span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Australian: 1,552</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">Free French: <abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="circa">c.</abbr></span> <span class="notranslate"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">1,300</span></span><br />
<span class="notranslate">British and Indian: 1,800, 1,200 POW, 3,150 sick</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">27 aircraft</span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="notranslate">6,352 (Vichy figures)</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">8,912 (British figures)</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">179 aircraft</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">1 submarine sunk</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">5,668 <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defected&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhj0UrJnqMj5sBDhUL7BV8ZjGy_Plg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Defected">defectors</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Vichy Syria</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Dentz was Commander in Chief of the Armée du Levant (Army of the Levant), which had regular metropolitan colonial troops and troupes spéciales (special troops, indigenous Syrian and Lebanese soldiers). There were seven infantry battalions of regular French troops at his disposal, which included the 6th Infantry Regiment of the French Foreign Legion, the 24th Colonial Infantry Regiment and eleven infantry battalions of "special troops", including at least 5,000 cavalry in horsed and motorized units, two artillery groups and supporting units. The Vichy garrison numbered 45,000 troops, comprising 35,000 regulars including 8,000 French and 10,000 Syrian and Lebanese infantry. The French had 90 tanks (according to British estimates), the Armée de l'Air de Vichy (Vichy French Air Force) had 90 aircraft (increasing to 289 aircraft after reinforcement) and the Marine Nationale (French Navy) had two destroyers, Guépard and Valmy, and three submarines.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<img alt="Tiedosto: Captured French Martin 167F Aleppo 1941.jpg" height="341" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Captured_French_Martin_167F_at_Aleppo_1941.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> Captured French Martin 167F Aleppo 1941</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>On 14 May 1941, a British Bristol Blenheim bomber crew, flying a reconnaissance mission over Palmyra in central Syria, spotted a Junkers Ju 90 transport taking off, with more German and Italian aircraft seen later that day; an attack on the airfield was authorised later that evening. Attacks against German and Italian aircraft staging through Syria continued and the British claimed six Axis aircraft destroyed by 8 June. Vichy French forces claimed to have shot down a Blenheim on 28 May and to have forced down another on 2 June. The RAF shot down a Vichy Martin 167F bomber over the British Mandate of Palestine on 6 June. While German interest in the French mandates of Syria and Lebanon was limited, Adolf Hitler permitted reinforcement of the French troops, by allowing French aircraft en route from Algeria to Syria to fly over Axis-controlled territory and refuel at the German-controlled Eleusina air base in Greece. The activity of German aircraft based in Greece and the Dodecanese Islands was interpreted by the British as support for Vichy troops, but although Dentz briefly considered accepting German assistance, he rejected the offer on 13 June. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<img alt="Henkilön World War II Day by Day kuva." height="258" src="https://scontent-arn2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t31.0-8/11212133_395061827368419_2068241147561254106_o.jpg?_nc_cat=0&oh=09bfa8cd728b2bca2a3dc356fc576f48&oe=5BB821B0" width="400" /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Allied advance continues to make good progress. Tyre, Marjayoun and El Quneitra are all taken in the advance from Palestine. In the drive from Transjordan Dera'a is taken. There is a naval battle off the Syrian coast between forces which eventually include four British and two Vichy destroyers. The French are forced to retire but inflict some damage. A commando raid fails to take an important bridge over the Litani River.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>-------------</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Palestine and Iraq </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The British invasion of Syria and Lebanon aimed at preventing Nazi Germany from using the Vichy French-controlled Syrian Republic and French Lebanon for attacks on Egypt as the British fought the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) against Axis forces in North Africa. Although the French had ceded autonomy to Syria in September 1936, they had retained treaty rights to maintain armed forces and two airfields in the territory. From 1 April 1941, after a coup d'état, Iraq , on the eastern border of Syria, came under the control of nationalists led by Rashid Ali who were willing to appeal for German support. The Anglo-Iraqi War (2–31 May 1941) led to the installation of a pro-British government.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>British forces to the south of Syria in Mandate Palestine were under the command of General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson and consisted of the 7th Australian Division (minus the 18th Brigade, which was in North Africa, besieged at Siege of Tobruk), Gentforce with two Free French brigades of the 1st Free French Division (including two battalions of the 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade attached to the 1st Free French Brigade) and the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade (4th Indian Infantry Division) with artillery, engineers and other support services attached to form the 5th Indian Brigade Group. In northern and central Syria, Iraq Command (Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Quinan ) was used in this campaign to attack from the east, consisting of the 10th Indian Infantry Division , elements of the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade ( 8th Indian Infantry Division ) and Habforce , the 4th Cavalry Brigade and the Arab Legion , under John Glubb (Glubb Pasha). Commando and raiding operations were undertaken by No. 11 (Scottish) Commando from Cyprus, as well as Palmach paramilitary and Mista'arvim squads from Mandatory Palestine. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Air support was provided by squadrons from the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF); ground forces on the coast were supported by bombardments from Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN) units of the Mediterranean Fleet. At the beginning, Air Commodore LO Brown, the Air officer commanding (AOC) HQ RAF Palestine and Transjordan had the understrength 11 Squadron ( Bristol Blenheim Mk IV), 80 Squadron, re-equipping with Hawker Hurricanes, 3 Squadron RAAF, converting to Curtiss Tomahawks, 208 (Army Co-operation) Squadron with a flight of Hurricanes and X Flight ( Gloster Gladiators ). A detachment of Fleet Air Arm (FAA) 815 Naval Air Squadron (Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers) in Cyprus and 84 Squadron (Blenheims) in Iraq were to co-operate. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>British forces in reserve included the 6th Infantry Division (with the Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion–East attached to the 23rd Infantry Brigade) and the 17th Australian Brigade. In mid-June, the division with its two infantry brigades came into the line as reinforcements, mainly on the Damascus front and the southern force was placed under the command of the 1st Australian Corps on 19 June. At the beginning of Operation Exporter, the British and Commonwealth force consisted of about 34,000 men (18,000 Australians, 9,000 British, 2,000 Indian and 5,000 Free French troops). The RAF and RAAF had about 50 aircraft and the navy contributed the landing ship HMS Glengyle, five cruisers and eight destroyers.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>--------</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">British plan of attack </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The British plan of attack devised by Wilson called for four lines of invasion, on Damascus and Beirut from Palestine, on northern Syria and Palmyra (in central Syria) from Iraq and Tripoli (in northern Lebanon) also from Iraq. The 5th Indian Brigade Group ( Brigadier Wilfrid Lewis Lloyd ) was ordered to cross the Syrian border from Palestine and take Quneitra and Deraa . It was anticipated that this would open the way for the 1st Free French Division to advance to Damascus. Four days after the commencement of the operation, this force was brought under unified command and was named Gentforce after its French commander, Major-General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme. </span></div>
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June 13, 1941 Syria </div>
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Vichy French troops held up the Australian 7th Division at Jezzine in southern French Mandate of Syria and the Lebanon. </div>
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Australian Private James Gordon won the Victoria Cross medal for single-handedly neutralizing a French machine gun post while fighting in the French Mandate of Syria and the Lebanon.</div>
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The 7th Australian Division (Major-General John Lavarack (succeeded by Major-General Arthur "Tubby" Allen on 18 June when Lavarack took over Australian I Corps ) advanced from Palestine along the coastal road from Haifa towards Beirut. The Australian 21st Brigade was to take Beirut, advancing along the coast from Tyre , over the Litani River towards Sidon. The Australian 25th Brigade was to attack the large Vichy French airbase at Rayak , advancing along a route further inland from the 21st Brigade. The operation was also to include a supporting commando landing from Cyprus at the south of the Litani River. </div>
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Once the two southern prongs were well engaged, it was planned that a third force, comprising formations drawn from Iraq Command , would invade Syria. The bulk of the 10th Indian Infantry Division (Major-General William "Bill" Slim) was to advance north-west up the Euphrates River from Haditha in Iraq (upstream from Baghdad), toward Deir ez Zor and thence to Raqqa and Aleppo . The manoeuvre was intended to threaten the communication and supply lines of Vichy forces defending Beirut against the Australians advancing from the south, in particular the railway line running northwards through Aleppo to Turkey (Turkey was thought by some British strategists to be sympathetic to Vichy and to Germany). </div>
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A group comprising two infantry battalions from the 20th Indian Infantry Brigade (10th Indian Division) and two from the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade (8th Indian Infantry Division), would operate independently, to capture all the territory in north-east Syria. </div>
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The 20th Indian Infantry Brigade were to make a feint from Mosul and the 17th Indian Infantry Brigade would advance into the Bec du Canard (Duck's Bill) region, through which a railway from Aleppo ran eastward to Mosul and Baghdad. Habforce was in Iraq attached to Iraq Command , because it had previously struck across the desert from the Transjordan border as part of the relief of RAF Habbaniya during the Anglo-Iraqi War. Habforce comprised the 4th Cavalry Brigade, the 1st Battalion, Essex Regiment and the Arab Legion Mechanized Regiment, supported by field, anti-tank and anti-aircraft artillery units, to gather in western Iraq between Rutbah and the Transjordan border. At the same time as the thrust up the Euphrates, Habforce would advance in a north-westerly direction to take Palmyra in Syria and secure the oil pipeline from Haditha to Tripoli.</div>
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<b>War in the air </b></div>
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<b>The initial advantage that the Vichy French Air Force (Armée de l'Air de Vichy) enjoyed did not last long. The Vichy French lost most of their aircraft destroyed on the ground where the flat terrain, the absence of infrastructure and the absence of modern anti-aircraft (AA) artillery made them vulnerable to air attacks. On 26 June, a strafing run by Tomahawks of 3 Squadron RAAF, on Homs airfield, destroyed five Dewoitine D.520s of Fighter Squadron II/3 ( Groupe de Chasse II/3 ) and damaged six more. </b></div>
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<b>On 10 July, five D.520s attacked Bristol Blenheim bombers of 45 Squadron RAF, which were being escorted by seven Australian Tomahawks from 3 Squadron. The French pilots claimed three Blenheims but at least four D.520s were destroyed by the Australians. The following day, a Dewoitine pilot shot down a Tomahawk from 3 Squadron, the only one lost during the campaign. By the end of the campaign, the Vichy forces had lost 179 aircraft from about 289 committed to the Levant, with remaining aircraft with the range to do so evacuating to Rhodes.</b></div>
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<b>War at sea </b></div>
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<b>The war at sea was not a major part of Operation Exporter, although some significant actions were fought. During the Battle of the Litani River , rough seas kept commandos from landing along the coast on the first day of battle. On 9 June 1941, the French destroyers Valmy and Guépard fired on the advancing Australians at the Litani River before being driven off by shore-based artillery-fire. The French destroyers then exchanged fire with the British destroyer HMS Janus. The New Zealand light cruiser HMNZS Leander came to the aid of Janus along with six British destroyers and the French retired. The Luftwaffe attempted to come to the aid of the French naval forces on 15 June. Junkers Ju 88s of II./LG 1 (2nd Group, Lehrgeschwader 1), attacked British warships forces off the Syrian coast and hit the destroyers HMS Ilex and Isis. That evening, French aircraft of the 4th Naval Air Group bombed British naval units off the Syrian coast. </b></div>
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<b>Hammana, September 1941. With terrain typical of the region in the background, Maj. Gen. AS Allen (centre), commander of the Australian 7th Division, inspects some of his men. British Commonwealth units garrisoned Lebanon and Syria for several months, following the end of the campaign. (Photographer: Frank Hurley.)</b></div>
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<b>On 16 June, British torpedo aircraft sank the French destroyer Chevalier Paul, which had been en route from Toulon to Syria, carrying ammunition from Metropolitan France. The following day, British bombers attacked another French destroyer in the port of Beirut which was also carrying ammunition. </b></div>
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<b>On the night of 22/23 June, Guépard fought a brief engagement with two British cruisers and six destroyers off of the Syrian coast, before the French destroyer retired under the cover of darkness. The French suffered further losses on 25 June, when the British submarine HMS Parthian torpedoed and sank the French submarine Souffleur off the Syrian coast; shortly afterwards, the French tanker Adour , which was carrying the entire fuel supply for the French forces in the Middle East, was attacked by British torpedo aircraft and badly damaged. </b></div>
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<b>Armistice </b></div>
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<b>On 10 July, as the Australian 21st Brigade was on the verge of entering Beirut, Dentz sought an armistice. At one minute past midnight on 12 July, a ceasefire came into effect and ended the campaign. The Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre (also known as the "Convention of Acre") was signed on 14 July at the Sidney Smith Barracks on the outskirts of the city of Acre.</b></div>
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<b>Wavell had not wanted the Syrian distraction when British forces in the Mediterranean were overstretched and the promenade guaranteed by the Free French appeared to be a false promise. Churchill and the CIGS forced the campaign on Wavell and when Vichy forces defended Syria, the British forces needed reinforcement, which could only be provided piecemeal. Many of the British and Commonwealth troops were novices and the hot, dry and mountainous terrain was a severe test, in which Indian Army units excelled. The Australian contingent had to cope with the worst country but conducted the most effective attack, "with a good plan carried through with great determination". The achievement of air superiority was delayed by the lack of aircraft but the urgency of the situation made it impossible for the naval and ground forces to wait. </b></div>
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<b>Vichy French airmen concentrated their attacks on ships and ground targets, which were highly effective until they were forced to move north. The scare caused by the German success in Crete had been exaggerated because the German parachute and glider invasion of Crete had been costly and there was little chance of the Germans gaining a bridgehead in Syria. The Germans withdrew from Syria to preserve their forces and to deprive the British of a pretext for invasion. The British invaded Syria anyway and took over naval and air bases far north of Suez and increased the safety of the oil route from Basra to Baghdad in Iraq to Haifa in Palestine. </b></div>
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<b>Casualties </b></div>
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<b>In August, the Vichy authorities announced 6,352 casualties of whom 521 men had been killed, 1,037 were missing, 1,790 wounded and 3,004 men had been taken prisoner. After the war, Dentz stated that 1,092 men had been killed, which would mean 1,790 wounded, 466 missing and 3,004 prisoners against a British claim of 8,912 casualties of all natures. The Vichy Air Force lost 179 aircraft, most destroyed on the ground, the navy lost one submarine and 5,668 men defected to the Free French. The armistice agreement led to the repatriation to France of 37,563 military and civilian personnel in eight convoys, consisting of three hospital ships and a "gleaner" ship, from 7 August to 27 September. </b></div>
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<b>taken by the Vichy French forces were returned but several British prisoners of war had been sent out of Syria, some after the armistice. The delay in obtaining the return of these prisoners led to the detention of Dentz and 29 senior officers in Palestine who were released when the British prisoners were returned to Syria. British and Commonwealth casualties were about 4,652; the Australians suffered 1,552 casualties, (416 men killed and 1,136 wounded.) The Free French incurred about c. 1,300 losses and 1,100 men taken prisoner; British and Indian casualties were 1,800 wounded, 1,200 men captured and 3,150 sick, including 350 malaria cases. The RAF and RAAF lost 27 aircraft.</b></div>
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<img alt="File:Allied leaders meet in the Middle East.jpg" height="293" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Allied_leaders_meet_in_the_Middle_East.jpg/800px-Allied_leaders_meet_in_the_Middle_East.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<b>Allied leaders meet in Syria. Left to right: Air Chief Marshal Longmore, General Wavell, General de Gaulle, General Catroux</b></div>
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<b>Operations against the Vichy regime in Syria could only be conducted with troops withdrawn from the Western Desert, a dispersal that contributed to the defeat of Operation Battleaxe and made the Syrian campaign take longer than necessary. Churchill had decided to sack Wavell in early May over his reluctance to divert forces to Iraq. Wavell was relieved on 22 June and relinquished command on 5 July, leaving for India two days afterwards. In late July 1941, De Gaulle flew from Brazzaville to congratulate the victors. Free French General Georges Catroux was placed in control of Syria and Lebanon and on 26 November, shortly after taking up this post, Catroux recognised the independence of Syria and Lebanon in the name of the Free French movement. After elections on 8 November 1943, Lebanon became an independent state on 22 November 1943 and on 27 February 1945, declared war on Germany and the Empire of Japan.</b></div>
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<b>By 1945, however, continued French presence in the Levant saw nationalist demonstrations which the French attempted to quell. With heavy Syrian casualties, notably in Damascus, Winston Churchill opposed French action but after being rebuffed by Charles De Gaulle, he ordered British forces into Syria from Jordan with orders to fire on the French. Known as the Levant Crisis – British armoured cars and troops then reached the Syrian capital Damascus following which the French were escorted and confined to their barracks. With political pressure added, De Gaulle ordered a ceasefire and France withdrew from Syria the following year.</b></div>
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maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-8317058527220200242018-06-03T16:39:00.000+03:002018-06-03T16:39:29.954+03:00Vänrikki - Fenrik - Fähnrich - Cornet<a href="http://www.figuren.miniatures.de/glossar/faehnrich.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Aiheeseen liittyvä kuva" border="0" height="320" src="http://www.figuren.miniatures.de/glossar/faehnrich.jpg" width="225" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Fähnrich ( German pronunciation: [ˈfɛːnʁɪç] ) is an officer candidate rank in the Austrian Bundesheer and German Bundeswehr. The word Fähnrich comes from an older German military title, Fahnenträger (flag bearer), and first became a distinct military rank in Germany on 1 January 1899. However, Fähnrich ranks are often incorrectly compared with the rank of ensign, which shares a similar etymology but is a full-fledged (albeit junior) commissioned officer rank.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In the German Landsknecht armies, recorded from ca. 1480, the equivalent rank of a Cornet existed. The cornet carried the troop standard, known as a "cornet".</b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cornet was originally the third and lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, after captain and lieutenant.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cornet Winston Churchill, while serving as a cornet in the 4th Queen's Own Hussars (1895). Churchill's formal rank was second lieutenant</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was abolished in the Cardwell Reforms of 1871 and replaced by sub-lieutenant. It is equivalent to a modern second lieutenant. The term today is restricted to internal regimental use when referring to a Second Lieutenant in the Blues and Royals and Queen's Royal Hussars.</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fi/thumb/c/c1/Matti_Ranin_v%C3%A4nrikki_Kariluotona.jpg/250px-Matti_Ranin_v%C3%A4nrikki_Kariluotona.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle vänrikki" border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/fi/thumb/c/c1/Matti_Ranin_v%C3%A4nrikki_Kariluotona.jpg/250px-Matti_Ranin_v%C3%A4nrikki_Kariluotona.jpg" width="194" /></a><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This rank was also used in other countries, eg, in the Russian Empire, and the Prussian cavalry, before 1870.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The rank also exists in a few other European military organizations, often with historical ties to the German system. Examples are the Netherlands, Sweden, Norway, and Finland (see Fänrik). The French Army has a similar position called an Aspirant .</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the Finnish landforces and airforce, Vänrikki (Fenrik) is the lowest commissioned officer rank, which is granted to the soldiers in the national service on the day they are released from their 347-day service. </span></b><br />
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/V%C3%A4nrikki_kauluslaatta.svg/120px-V%C3%A4nrikki_kauluslaatta.svg.png" /> <img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/V%C3%A4nrikki_hihalaatta.svg/120px-V%C3%A4nrikki_hihalaatta.svg.png" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Finnish Vänrikki are thus of equal rank to the German lieutenant (also a platoon leader), also second lieutnant, or an officer aspirant (French, Aspirant).</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle vänrikki" height="281" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQVrPGgzINBelRLaBNxgIOvwH3Tz-ADJShMEtfnyzAvRsaRWAteKw" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Vänrikki Korhonen leads, and soon long patrol mens moves behind of enemy lines...</span></b><br />
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<img alt="Schulterstück" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fhr-aut-feldanzug.gif/75px-Fhr-aut-feldanzug.gif" /> <img alt="Schulterstück" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Fhr_OF1c-Rockkragen_AT.gif" /> <img alt="Tellerkappe" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fhr_OF1c-Tellerkappe_AT.jpg/65px-Fhr_OF1c-Tellerkappe_AT.jpg" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fähnrich, short Fhr, is the lowest rank of the commissioned officers CO rank group (also rank group: Officers) in the Austrian Bundesheer.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Austria-Hungaria (until 1918) </span></b><br />
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<img alt="LD B 31a Fähnrich.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/LD_B_31a_F%C3%A4hnrich.svg/85px-LD_B_31a_F%C3%A4hnrich.svg.png" /><img alt="HD H 31a Fähnrich Pi.svg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/HD_H_31a_F%C3%A4hnrich_Pi.svg/85px-HD_H_31a_F%C3%A4hnrich_Pi.svg.png" /><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />Fähnrich was the lowest officer rank in the kuk Common Army. In 1838 it was renamed to Unterleutnant 2. Gebürnisklasse, from 1849 to Unterleutnant 2. Klasse, since 1868 to Unterleutnant, and finally approximately from 1868 to Leutnant . In 1908 Fähnrich was re-introduced as lowest cadet-officer rank in order to replace the 1869 rank designation Kadett-Offiziersstellvertreter. Fähnrich, Kadett-Offiziersstellvertreter respectively completed training and education on the less famous so-called kuk Kadettenschule. </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As the Kadett-Offiziersstellvertreter was the highest NCO-rank, became Fähnrich a separate rank-class. However, graduates from the much more famous Militärakademie became the officer patent for Leutnant.</span></b><br />
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<a class="image" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K.u.k._Kadett-Offziersstellvertreter_bis_1908.png&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhidnXY-XRQy043YjLggZAW_8Fwxlg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; font-weight: 700; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="K.u.k. Kadett-Offziersstellvertreter bis 1908.png" data-file-height="309" data-file-width="550" height="67" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/K.u.k._Kadett-Offziersstellvertreter_bis_1908.png/120px-K.u.k._Kadett-Offziersstellvertreter_bis_1908.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/K.u.k._Kadett-Offziersstellvertreter_bis_1908.png/180px-K.u.k._Kadett-Offziersstellvertreter_bis_1908.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/K.u.k._Kadett-Offziersstellvertreter_bis_1908.png/240px-K.u.k._Kadett-Offziersstellvertreter_bis_1908.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a> <a class="image" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kadett-Offiziersstellvertreter_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1907-08.png&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhijIlvQGsaRztJNSbENafZtNUcnxg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; font-weight: 700; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Kadett-Offiziersstellvertreter k.k. Gebirgstruppe 1907-08.png" data-file-height="309" data-file-width="550" height="67" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kadett-Offiziersstellvertreter_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1907-08.png/120px-Kadett-Offiziersstellvertreter_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1907-08.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kadett-Offiziersstellvertreter_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1907-08.png/180px-Kadett-Offiziersstellvertreter_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1907-08.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kadett-Offiziersstellvertreter_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1907-08.png/240px-Kadett-Offiziersstellvertreter_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1907-08.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a> <a class="image" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:K.u.k._F%25C3%25A4hnrich_1908-18.png&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhgWrfYPOq-YpVCLQxRn-SA-xloXCg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; font-weight: 700; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="K.u.k. Fähnrich 1908-18.png" data-file-height="309" data-file-width="550" height="67" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/K.u.k._F%C3%A4hnrich_1908-18.png/120px-K.u.k._F%C3%A4hnrich_1908-18.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/K.u.k._F%C3%A4hnrich_1908-18.png/180px-K.u.k._F%C3%A4hnrich_1908-18.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/K.u.k._F%C3%A4hnrich_1908-18.png/240px-K.u.k._F%C3%A4hnrich_1908-18.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a> <a class="image" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F%25C3%25A4hnrich_der_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1908-18.png&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700190,15700201&usg=ALkJrhi5gIHKBjLmza80c4xWXB-9mZFp3A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13.3px; font-weight: 700; text-align: -webkit-center; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Fähnrich der k.k. Gebirgstruppe 1908-18.png" data-file-height="309" data-file-width="550" height="67" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/F%C3%A4hnrich_der_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1908-18.png/120px-F%C3%A4hnrich_der_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1908-18.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/F%C3%A4hnrich_der_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1908-18.png/180px-F%C3%A4hnrich_der_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1908-18.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/F%C3%A4hnrich_der_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1908-18.png/240px-F%C3%A4hnrich_der_k.k._Gebirgstruppe_1908-18.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="120" /></a><br />
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the ku Royal Hungarian Honvéd army Zászlós was the equivalent to the Fähnrich rank. It accounted immediately to the officer corps.</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Cornet was originally the third and lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, after captain and lieutenant .</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>It was abolished in the Cardwell Reforms of 1871 and replaced by sub-lieutenant . It is equivalent to a modern second lieutenant . The term today is restricted to internal regimental use when referring to a Second Lieutenant in the Blues and Royals and Queen's Royal Hussars.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_1874_-_1965_ZZZ5426F.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>This rank was also used in other countries, eg, in the Russian Empire , and the Prussian cavalry, before 1870.</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Winston Churchill while serving as a cornet in the 4th Queen's Own Hussars (1895). Churchill's formal rank was second lieutenant.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Cornet was originally the third and lowest grade of commissioned officer in a British cavalry troop, after captain and lieutenant.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cornet Winston Churchill, while serving as a cornet in the 4th Queen's Own Hussars (1895). Churchill's formal rank was second lieutenant</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://i.pinimg.com/736x/7d/ff/b7/7dffb790c4b4c118857989fae3ce018e--in-memoriam-lifeguard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle swedish army cornet" border="0" height="320" src="https://i.pinimg.com/736x/7d/ff/b7/7dffb790c4b4c118857989fae3ce018e--in-memoriam-lifeguard.jpg" width="219" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><b><br /></b></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><b>It was abolished in the Cardwell Reforms of 1871 and replaced by sub-lieutenant. </b></b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>It is equivalent to a modern second lieutenant. The term today is restricted to internal regimental use when referring to a Second Lieutenant in the Blues and Royals and Queen's Royal Hussars.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>This rank was also used in other countries, eg, in the Russian Empire, and the Prussian cavalry, before 1870.</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The rank was in use by the time of the English Civil War. Among famous cornets in that conflict were George Joyce, Robert Stetson, and Ninian Beall.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ECW cornets >>>></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>It was abolished along with the purchase of commissions in the Army Reform Act of 1871, replaced by second lieutenant.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The ranks of ensign and cornet were abolished in the US Army in 1815. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<img alt="Aiheeseen liittyvä kuva" height="283" src="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ae/e3/71/aee37197153e2f14656a98f606f4ad8f.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The rank also existed in other nation's cavalry troops, such as those of Sweden (kornett) and Imperial Russia (корнет), and by the Continental Army in the American War of Independence. General Alexander Macomb was initially commissioned a cornet in a career in which he eventually became Commanding General of the United States Army. It is still used in the artillery and cavalry divisions of the Netherlands (kornet).</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Russian Cornet.</b></span><br />
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/03_325_Book_illustrations_of_Historical_description_of_the_clothes_and_weapons_of_Russian_troops.jpg/250px-03_325_Book_illustrations_of_Historical_description_of_the_clothes_and_weapons_of_Russian_troops.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle коÑнеÑ" border="0" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/03_325_Book_illustrations_of_Historical_description_of_the_clothes_and_weapons_of_Russian_troops.jpg/250px-03_325_Book_illustrations_of_Historical_description_of_the_clothes_and_weapons_of_Russian_troops.jpg" width="150" /></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The rank of field cornet (veldkornet) was used for the senior officer of a ward or sub-district in the independent republican states of the Transvaal and Oranje-Vrystaat in late 19th century South Africa. They were elected by the commandos of their ward for periods of three years. In the case of large wards, an assistant field cornet could also be chosen. The rank was reminiscent of the Dutch use in cavalry troops that the commandos most closely resembled. In apartheid-era South Africa, the rank of field cornet was used in the South African Army from 1960 to 1968.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Traditional duties </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The subaltern rank of cornet was the equivalent of the contemporary infantry rank of ensign, today's second lieutenant in each. The cornet carried the troop standard , known as a "guidon".</b></span><br />
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<br />maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-85377191404244155782018-05-14T23:16:00.002+03:002018-05-14T23:16:37.471+03:00Battle of Velikiye Luki<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Velikiye Luki offensive operation (Russian: Великолукская наступательная операция) was executed by the forces of the Red Army's Kalinin Front against the Wehrmacht 's 3rd Panzer Army during the Winter Campaign of 1942–1943 with the objective of liberating the Russian city of Velikiye Luki as part of the northern pincer of the Rzhev-Sychevka Strategic Offensive Operation (Operation Mars).</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jKuCGaX7n50/Wvnr7ByBjKI/AAAAAAAAfq0/0ZP-aKCQyyIsBO2grGjfH4d0CIqmCy9hgCEwYBhgL/s1600/vel1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="530" height="262" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jKuCGaX7n50/Wvnr7ByBjKI/AAAAAAAAfq0/0ZP-aKCQyyIsBO2grGjfH4d0CIqmCy9hgCEwYBhgL/s400/vel1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>As part of Operation Barbarossa, the German army took Velikiye Luki on 19 July 1941, but was forced to retreat the next day due to Soviet counter-attacks breaking the line of communications in multiple places. A new attack was launched in late August, and the city was recaptured on Aug. 26. </b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HXc_koahoCE/WvnsEsvdhxI/AAAAAAAAfqw/65vUp06FWpI-5MG_xDrT3FMvY68oc_9owCEwYBhgL/s1600/vel8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="440" data-original-width="685" height="256" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-HXc_koahoCE/WvnsEsvdhxI/AAAAAAAAfqw/65vUp06FWpI-5MG_xDrT3FMvY68oc_9owCEwYBhgL/s400/vel8.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The city had great strategic value due to the main north-south railway line running just west of the city at Novosokolniki, as well as the city's own rail network to Vitebsk and bridges over the Lovat River. After its capture and with the German offensive running out of steam for the winter, the area was fortified. Marshy terrain extended to Lake Peipus from just north of the city defended by the German 16th Field Army, making operations in the region around the city difficult for both sides. Rather than maintaining a solid "front" in the area, the Germans established a series of thinly held outposts to the north and south of the city.</b></span><br />
<table class="infobox vevent" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Battle of Velikiye Luki</span></th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Part of the <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjlmXPl4hGHNnk5K1tNwb4oMbRdLQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhhtrIUkfRAj9RYPfS0SWLbK3klLLg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03--Velikiye_Luki.png" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Eastern Front 1942-11 to 1943-03--Velikiye Luki.png" data-file-height="880" data-file-width="900" height="293" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03--Velikiye_Luki.png/300px-Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03--Velikiye_Luki.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03--Velikiye_Luki.png/450px-Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03--Velikiye_Luki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03--Velikiye_Luki.png/600px-Eastern_Front_1942-11_to_1943-03--Velikiye_Luki.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><br />
<span class="notranslate">Velikiye Luki (red, upper left) and the nearby rail trunks, in the context of the Soviet 1942–1943 offensives.</span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><table style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 303px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Date</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">19 November 1942 – 16 January 1943</span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Location</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate"><span class="location"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velikiye_Luki&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhglqz6rHHCJ235lxh6V3H7EZvOG2w" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a> , <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_SFSR&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhj3eP36ZOAPNo7I_TDRMEHhdBOwmA" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> , <a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhhxitzH1Wwmrnf3lkmo4ZlC0rva-w" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Result</span></th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="notranslate">Soviet victory</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Belligerents</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjvfb-o2nww2DXN4SBl35oLnxEAuQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="600" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhhxitzH1Wwmrnf3lkmo4ZlC0rva-w" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Commanders and leaders</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjvfb-o2nww2DXN4SBl35oLnxEAuQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1000" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_German_Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_von_der_Chevallerie&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhjsQPaZa8EZRlPBaG61ajDdLRGBfQ" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kurt von der Chevallerie">Kurt von der Chevallerie</a></span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhhxitzH1Wwmrnf3lkmo4ZlC0rva-w" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="600" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim_Purkayev&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhhDdOimnrUjJfJ6t0JahNYqWmS9Hg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maksim Purkayev">Maksim Purkayev</a></span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Strength</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="notranslate"><a class="new" href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DLIX_Korps%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhh6hfYGABmy033kG8naj4BIKxPe7A" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="LIX Korps (page does not exist)">LIX Korps</a> – ~50,000 (on 19 Nov)</span><br />
<span class="notranslate"><b>Reinforcement forces:</b>~50,000 </span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="notranslate"><a href="https://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?anno=2&depth=1&hl=fi&rurl=translate.google.fi&sl=en&sp=nmt4&tl=fi&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Shock_Army&xid=17259,15700022,15700124,15700149,15700168,15700173,15700186,15700189,15700201&usg=ALkJrhgIafDNaI0E2qQ8OlLtqnNx_SSF9w" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="3rd Shock Army">3rd Shock Army</a> – 95,608 (on 19 Nov)</span><br />
<span class="notranslate"><b>Reinforcement forces:</b>86,700 </span></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="notranslate">Casualties and losses</span></th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 149px;"><span class="notranslate">Soviet estimate: ~60.000 killed, missing or wounded, 4.500 captured </span></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 146.922px;"><span class="notranslate"><b>104,022</b></span><br />
<span class="notranslate">31,674 killed or missing</span><br />
<span class="notranslate">72,348 wounded</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Soviet counterattacks during the Winter Campaign of 1941–1942, especially the Battles of Rzhev just to the south, formed a large salient in the German lines. Velikiye Luki lay just on the western edge of the original advance, and was just as strategic for the Soviets as the German. The city dominated the region and would therefore be the natural point for fighting, offering the possibility of eliminating the German bridges on the Lovat, and to deny the Germans use of the rail line that provided communications between Army groups North and Centre. Furthermore, as long as the German Army occupied both rail junctions at Velikiye Luki and Rzhev, the Red Army could not reliably reinforce or resupply its troops on the north face of the massive Rzhev Salient.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In view of its strategic significance, the Germans heavily fortified the city over the course of 1942. The Soviets often raided into German-held territory around the town and the town could only be kept supplied by armoured trains.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Soviet offensive </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Soviet offensive to retake the city was developed in mid-November 1942 using troops from the 3rd and 4th Shock armies, and 3rd Air Army. The city itself was defended by the 83rd Infantry Division commanded by Lieutenant General Theodor Scherer , the lines to the south held by the 3rd Mountain Division , and the front to the north held by the 5th Mountain Division. The city itself was provided with extensive prepared defenses and garrisoned by a full regiment of the 83rd Division and other troops, totaling around 7,000.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Rather than attacking the town directly, the Soviet forces advanced into the difficult terrain to the north and south of the town. Spearheaded by four rifle divisions to the south and one to the north, the operation commenced on 24 November. Despite heavy losses, they successfully cut the land links to the city by 27 November, trapping the garrison; by the next day they threatened to cut off other elements of the corps south of the city when the front commander released his 2nd Mechanised Corps into the breach created between the 3rd Mountain and 83rd Infantry Divisions. Army Group Centre 's commander asked the OKH for permission to conduct a breakout operation while the situation was still relatively fluid by pulling the German lines back by around ten miles (16 km). The request was dismissed by Hitler, who, pointing to an earlier success in a similar situation at Kholm , demanded that the encircled formations stand fast while the Gruppe "Chevallerie" from the north and 20th Motorised Division from the south counter-attacked to open the encirclement.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>German relief attempts </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The garrison were ordered to hold the city at all costs, while a relief force was assembled. The remainder of the 83rd Infantry and 3rd Mountain Divisions, encircled south of Velikiye Luki, fought their way west to meet the relieving troops. Due to Army Group Centre's commitments at Rzhev, the only resources immediately available to man the lines opposite Velikiye Luki were those already in the area, which were organised as Gruppe Wöhler (291st Infantry Division). Later, other divisions were made available, including the understrength 8th Panzer Division from Gruppe Chevallerie, the 20th Motorized Infantry Division from Army Group Centre reserve, and the weak 6th Luftwaffe Field Division , and the hurriedly rushed to the front 707th and 708th Security, and 205th and 331st Infantry divisions although there was a corresponding build-up of Soviet strength.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Throughout December, the garrison – which maintained radio contact with the relief forces – held out against repeated Soviet attempts to reduce their lines, and in particular the rail depot in the city's southern suburb. The Soviet forces, attacking strongly entrenched troops in severe winter weather, suffered extremely high casualties, while conditions in the city steadily deteriorated despite airdrops of supplies, ammunition and equipment. In the meantime, Soviet attempts to take their main objective, the rail lines at Novosokolniki , had been frustrated by the counter-attacks of the relief force. An attempt by the Germans to reach Velikiye Luki in late December, ran into stubborn Soviet defence and halted, heavily damaged.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Operation Totila, the next attempt to break through to Velikiye Luki, was launched on 4 January. The two German spearheads advanced to within five miles (8 km) of the city, but stalled due to pressure on their flanks. On 5 January, a Soviet attack from the north split Velikiye Luki in two, isolating a small group of troops in the fortified "citadel" in the west of the city, while the bulk of the garrison retained a sector centred around the rail station in the south of the city. The former group broke out on during the night of the 14th; around 150 men eventually reached German lines. The German garrison surrendered on 16 January.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Aftermath </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>After the war, the Soviet authorities collected a representative set of men of various ranks from general to private who had fought at Velikiye Luki from prisoner of war camps and brought them to the city. A military tribunal held a public trial and convicted them for war crimes related to anti-partisan warfare. Nine were sentenced to death and publicly hanged in the main square of Velikiye Luki in January 1946. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The battle is sometimes called "The Little Stalingrad of the North" due to its similarities with the larger and better-known Battle of Stalingrad that raged in the southern sector of the front. Judged purely by the numbers, this battle was a small affair by the usual standards of the Eastern Front (150,000 total casualties suffered by both sides as opposed to 2,000,000 total casualties at Stalingrad), but had enormous strategic consequences. The liberation of Velikiye Luki meant the Red Army had, for the first time since October 1941, a direct rail supply line to the northern face of the Rzhev Salient exposing the German troops at Rzhev to encirclement. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Events at Velikiye Luki thus necessitated the withdrawal from Rzhev salient ending any German military threat to Moscow. However, even after withdrawing from Rzhev, possession of Velikiye Luki meant that the rail link between Army groups North and Centre was severed, preventing the German Army from shifting reinforcements between threatened sectors. Furthermore, the rail lines from Velikiye Luki led directly into the rear of Vitebsk, a critical logistics hub for Army Group Centre. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The effects of this battle meant that Army Group Centre was exposed to attack from the north, east, and (after the Battle of Smolensk (1943) south, exposing the whole army group to encirclement, which is exactly what happened in the Operation Bagration the following year.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<img height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/OEF-map-3.jpg/250px-OEF-map-3.jpg" width="230" /><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>German relief attempts. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>(Notice that the order of battle given on this 1952 map is not accurate.)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Orders of battle </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>While it is somewhat difficult to separate the actions of various Red Army and Wehrmacht units within the flurry of movements involved in the larger scope of the Soviet operations, for the most part these below are derived from Glantz and Isayev.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Soviet </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>German relief attempts.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Kalinin Front ( Maksim Alekseyevich Purkayev ) engaged in the Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive to the south of Velikiye Luki.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>4th Shock Army</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>3rd Shock Army (General Lieutenant Galitsky)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>8th Estonian Rifle Corps (General Major Pärn)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>7th Estonian Rifle Division (Colonel Vassil')</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>249th Estonian Rifle Division (Colonel I. Ya. Lombak)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>5th Guards Rifle Corps (General Colonel Afanasy Beloborodov)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>357th Rifle Division (Colonel Kronik)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>257th Rifle Division (Colonel Dyakonov)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>2nd Mechanised Corps (General Colonel Korchagin)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>13th independent Guards breakthrough tank regiment (Sub-colonel Galkin) equipped with KV-1 tanks</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>34th independent tank regiment (Sub-colonel Bogdanov) equipped with T-34 tanks</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>38th independent tank regiment (Sub-colonel Zheleznov, after 30.12.42 Sub-colonel Khubayev) equipped with T-34 tanks</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>3rd Air Army</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Long Range Aviation</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>3rd Long-range aviation division (Colonel Yukhanov)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>17th Long-range aviation division (General Major of Aviation Loginov)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>222nd Long-range aviation division (Colonel Titov)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>German </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Army Group Center</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Group "Chevallerie" from (LIX Corps)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Wehrmacht's Velikiye Luki garrison</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Gruppe "Wöhler"</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>83rd Infantry Division Lieutenant-General Theodor Scherer)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Operation "Totila" relief forces</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>II/ 11th Panzer Division</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Two battalions/ 331st Infantry Division</b></span><br />
<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8th Panzer Division</b><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> (14 PzKW 38t, and one command tank)</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>20th Motorized Infantry Division</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>6th Luftwaffe Field Division</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>3rd Mountain Division (at Novosokol'niki to the rear of 83rd Infantry Division's positions)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>291st Infantry Division</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>1 SS Infantry Brigade (mot)</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Frikorps Danmark </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Most of Army Group Center was engaged in resisting the second Soviet Rzhev-Sychevka offensive throughout this period.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Almost half of the 83rd Infantry Division was assigned to the Velikiye Luki garrison.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The 3rd Mountain Division was at little more than half strength, since its 139th Regiment had been left in Lapland when the division withdrew from northern Finland. The 138th Mountain Regiment was the unknown unit of 3rd Mountain shown in Maps 2 and 3.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>20th Motorized was from Army Group Center's reserve.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3213731326910183563.post-13469220813546998432018-05-09T08:37:00.006+03:002018-05-09T08:37:53.105+03:00Swedish intervention in the Winter War<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Swedish Intervention in the Winter War was a short-lived but successful attempt by the Swedish Volunteer Corps, along with other Nordic volunteers, to prevent a Soviet invasion of Finland during the Winter War. The volunteers only engaged in a few skirmishes on ground and in the air, the only major battles they participated in being the battles of Salla and Honkaniemi. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img height="288" src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/50/07/115007_r500.jpg" width="400" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <b>Swedish aa-cannon cleaned</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img height="276" src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/94/12/109412_r500.jpg" width="400" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Swedish truck's</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The term "volunteers" have often been used to describe the Nordic military support for Finland in the Winter War, although involvement by the government of Sweden has been debated over time. Nevertheless, the Swedish military sent enormous amounts of aid to Finland, including:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Approximately 2,000,000,000 crowns (US$ ~312,658,890) of financial aid - twice the size of the Finnish defense budget at the time</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>50,013,300 rounds of small arms ammunition</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>135,402 rifles</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>450 light machine guns</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>347 machine guns</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>301,846 artillery shells</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>144 field guns</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>92 anti-armor guns</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>100 anti-aircraft guns</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>300 sea mines</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>500 depth charges</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>83 motorcycles</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>83 cars</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>350 trucks</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>13 tractors</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>17 fighter aircraft</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>5 light bombers</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>1 transport aircraft</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>3 reconnaissance aircraft</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<table class="infobox vevent" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Swedish Intervention in the Winter War</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color: gainsboro; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); line-height: 1.5em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swedes_at_Soviet_tank.jpg" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Swedish soldiers inspecting a destroyed Soviet tank" data-file-height="275" data-file-width="345" height="263" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Swedes_at_Soviet_tank.jpg/330px-Swedes_at_Soviet_tank.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Swedes_at_Soviet_tank.jpg 1.5x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="330" /></a><br />
Swedish soldiers inspecting a disabled enemy T-26 tank</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><table style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 330px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Date</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">12 January – 13 March 1940<br />
(2 months and 1 day)</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Location</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><span class="location">Eastern Finland</span></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Result</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">End of the Winter War with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a></td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Territorial<br />
changes</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">Cession of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> islands, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a>, Ladoga <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelia" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salla" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salla">Salla</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybachy_Peninsula" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rybachy Peninsula">Rybachy Peninsula</a>, and rental of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanko" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hanko">Hanko</a> to the Soviet Union</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Belligerents</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 162px;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1600" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1100" data-file-width="1800" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Finland">Finland</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="560" data-file-width="740" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1100" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="21" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norway">Norway</a><br />
<br />
<i>Minor support from:</i><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="900" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="France">France</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1500" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 160.922px;"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="600" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936%E2%80%931955%29.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="300" data-file-width="600" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_SSR.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_SSR.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_SSR.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_SSR.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Karelo-Finnish_SSR.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">Terijoki Government</a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 162px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1600" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Linder" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ernst Linder">Ernst Linder</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1100" data-file-width="1800" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Mannerheim</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1100" data-file-width="1800" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Martti_Wallenius" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kurt Martti Wallenius">Kurt Martti Wallenius</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1100" data-file-width="1800" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voldemar_Oinonen" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Voldemar Oinonen">Voldemar Oinonen</a></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 160.922px;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirill_Meretskov" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kirill Meretskov">Kirill Meretskov</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a><br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="1200" height="12" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Strength</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 162px;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<b>10,397 men:</b> <span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1600" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> 8,402<br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="560" data-file-width="740" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></a></span> 1,010<br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="800" data-file-width="1100" height="15" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="21" /></a></span> 895<br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1100" data-file-width="1800" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> 13 tanks<br />
<span class="flagicon"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" class="thumbborder" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="1600" height="14" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" style="border: 1px solid rgb(234, 236, 240); margin: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></span> 26 aircraft</div>
<i>Multiple <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_army" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Finnish army">Finnish army</a>battalions</i></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 160.922px;">20,000-30,000 men<br />
58 tanks<br />
29 aircraft in combat</td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color: lightsteelblue; font-size: 13.552px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">Casualties and losses</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right: 1px dotted rgb(170, 170, 170); vertical-align: top; width: 162px;"><div style="line-height: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.5em;">
<b>523:</b><br />
245 killed<br />
250 wounded<br />
28 captured<br />
6 fighters lost</div>
<div class="NavFrame collapsed" id="NavFrame1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-size: 11.704px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<div class="NavHead" style="background: transparent; font-size: 12.2892px; line-height: 1.6em; position: relative; text-align: left;">
Specific casualties</div>
</div>
</td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 160.922px;"><b>891:</b><br />
640 killed<br />
203 wounded<br />
48 missing<br />
9 tanks<br />
4 fighters shot down<br />
2 fighters damaged<br />
6 bombers shot down<br />
2 bombers damaged<br />
7 more aircraft shot down<br />
8 more aircraft damaged</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union began in November 1939 after the Finnish government had rejected the Soviet claims to the Karelian Isthmus and all islands in the Gulf of Finland, as well as a demand to dismantle the defences in Finnish Karelia. Finland at the time was only officially allied with Estonia, as Sweden had rejected participation in the anti-Soviet alliance. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The casus belli for the Soviet invasion was a claimed Finnish attack against the Russian village of Mainila, although it was later revealed that this was a false flag action conducted by the military of the Soviet Union.</b></span><br />
<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle Swedish intervention in the Winter War" height="370" src="https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/svea/images/1/1d/Svenskarna_i_Frivilligk%C3%A5ren.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20120928152741" width="400" /><br />
<img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle Swedish intervention in the Winter War" height="266" src="https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/svea/images/b/bb/Svenskarna_i_Vinterkriget.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20120928153008" width="400" /><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/81/55/108155_r500.jpg" height="276" width="400" /><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/81/57/108157_r500.jpg" height="276" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Swedish</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/51/04/165104_r500.jpg" height="267" width="400" /><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/38/52/113852_r500.jpg" height="277" width="400" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Norvegian</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></b>
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/51/38/165138_r500.jpg" height="264" width="400" /><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/51/46/165146_r500.jpg" height="264" width="400" /><br />
<img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/90/85/109085_r500.jpg" /><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Danish (danish pilot too, Morane and Gladiator pilots)</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The battle of Salla was fought by Finnish-Swedish forces against the Soviet Union, beginning with a massive Soviet attack against the outnumbered Finnish defenders. Major General Kurt Martti Wallenius, the Finnish commander, ordered his men to retreat up the Kemijoki river where a defensive line could be easily maintained. After numerous suicide charges by the Soviet army, the sudden arrival of Swedish, Danish and Norwegian troops forced a Soviet withdrawal with heavy casualties of up to 500 men, compared to 187 among the Finns and 23 among the reinforcements.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img src="http://sa-kuva.fi/static/42/87/114287_r500.jpg" height="276" width="400" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Ex BT-5 tank</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle battle of honkaniemi" height="218" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JcfUbvtHQSg/WCXHc6VUGsI/AAAAAAAAZ6w/INvsG030ufkqvg5yNDPqsMCIGDjbv_V3ACEw/s400/hon%2BT_26_and_BT_7.jpg" width="400" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Soviet </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">BT-5 and T-26</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>----</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The battle of Honkaniemi was fought between Finnish and Soviet forces on 26 February 1940 and was the only tank battle of the Winter War. The Finns were supported by Swedish, Danish and Norwegian volunteers from the Nordic volunteer corps and had an unknown amount of infantry at their disposal (although it is known that they were much fewer than their Soviet enemies), as well as 13 Vickers 6-ton tanks. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <img alt="Kuvahaun tulos haulle battle of honkaniemi" src="http://photos.wikimapia.org/p/00/02/11/97/89_big.jpg" height="264" width="400" /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Soviet tank men are looking </b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>destroyed </b></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Finn Vickers </b><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">tanker's helmet</b><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Soviet corps of 58 tanks was able to beat back the attackers, losing 3 (Soviet sources) to 9 (Finnish sources) of their armored vehicles while Finland and its allies lost six. Added to that, 87 Finns and 140 Soviets were killed in the battle, while no casualties were reported among the volunteer corps. Although the Soviet casualties were larger than that of their adversaries, the Finnish colonel Voldemar Oinonen ordered a full retreat when he begun to doubt the chances of defeating the enemy.</b></span>maximexhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12096663908456909910noreply@blogger.com0