The Panhard 178 (officially designated as Automitrailleuse de Découverte Panhard modèle 1935. It was the first 4 x 4 armoured car mass-produced for a major country.
178 being the internal project number at Panhard) or "Pan-Pan" was an advanced French reconnaissance 4x4 armoured car that was designed for the French Cavalry before World War II. It had a crew of four and was equipped with an effective 25 mm main armament and a 7.5 mm coaxial machine gun.
A number of these vehicles were in 1940 taken over by the Germans after the Fall of France and employed as the Panzerspähwagen P204 (f) for some months after the armistice of June production continued for the benefit of Germany. After the war a derived version, the Panhard 178B, was again taken into production by France. Panhard (cars) --------------
Panhard 178 (virallisesti nimetty Automitrailleuse de Découverte Panhard modèle 1935. Joulukuussa 1931 Ranskan ratsuväelle laadittiin suunnitelma tulevan panssaroidu taisteluajoneuvon valmistukselle. Valmistajaksi valittiin Automitrailleuse de Découverte tai AMD, joka oli erikoistunut pitkien matkojen panssaroituihin tiedustelu tehtävä ajoneuvojen valmistukseen Tekniset tavoitteet laadittiin 22. 12. -31, ne muutettiin 18.11. -32. Lopulliset suoritus tavoitteet olivat paino n. 4 tn, toimintamatkaa vähintään 400 km, kääntösäde alle 12 m, panssaroinnin vahvuudet 5-8 mm. Aseistus vähintään 20 mm tykki sekä vähintään yksi konekivääri. Muutokset hyväksyttiin 9.12.-32 ja valmistus aloitettiin.
-------------- In December 1931, the French Cavalry conceived a plan for the future production of armoured fighting vehicles. One of the classes foreseen was that of an Automitrailleuse de Découverte or AMD, a specialised long range reconnaissance vehicle. The specifications were formulated on 22 December 1931, changed on 18 November 1932 and approved on 9 December 1932.
They called for a weight of 4 metric tons (4.0 t), a range of 400 kilometres (250 mi), a speed of 70 km/h, a cruising speed of 40 km/h, a turning circle of 12 metres (39 ft), 5–8 mm armour, a 20 mm gun and a 7.5 mm machine gun.
In 1933, one of the competing companies — the others being Renault, Berliet and Latil — that had put forward proposals, Panhard, was allowed to build a prototype. The other companies also were ordered to build prototypes: Renault constructed two vehicles of a Renault VZ, including an armoured personnel carrier variant, Berliet constructed a single Berliet VUB and Latil belatedly presented a design in April 1934. -------------------------- Panhard 178
Type: Armoured car Place of origin: France Service history: In service April 1937 - 1964 Used: France, Nazi Germany Wars, World War IIFirst Indochina War, Vietnam War Designer:Panhard Designed: 1933-1937 Manufacturer: Panhard Unit cost:₣ 275,000 hull Produced: February 1937 - ~October 1940 Number built: 729 "A" versions, 414 B version Variants: Panhard 178B Weight: 8.2 metric tonnes Length: 4.79 m with gun Width: 2.01 m Height: 2.31 m Crew: 4 Armor: 20 mm Armament: 25 mm SA 35 cannon + 1x 7.5 mm Reibel mg Engine: 105 hp Panhard SK Suspension: Leaf spring Ground clearance: 35 cm Range: 300 km Speed: 72 km/h -----------------------
The Panhard vehicle was ready in October 1933 and presented to the Commission de Vincennes in January 1934 under the name Panhard voiture spéciale type 178. It carried a Vincennes workshop (Avis) 13.2 mm machine gun turret, as the intended one was not ready yet. After testing between 9 January and 2 February 1934 the type, despite having larger dimensions than prescribed and thus being a lot heavier than four tons, was accepted by the commission on 15 February under the condition some small modifications were carried out.
Of all the competing projects it was considered the best: the Berliet VUB e.g. was reliable but too heavy and traditional; the Latil version had no all-terrain capacity. In the autumn the improved prototype, now lacking the bottom tracks of the original type, was tested by the Cavalry. In late 1934 the type was accepted under the name AMD Panhard Modèle 1935. The type was now fitted with the APX3B turret. After complaints about reliability, such as cracking gun sights, and overheating, between 29 June and 2 December 1937 a new test programme took place, resulting in many modifications, including the fitting of a silencer and a ventilator on the turret. The ultimate design was very advanced for its day and still appeared modern in the 1970s.
The BA-3 (Russian: Broneavtomobil 3) was a heavy armored car developed in the Soviet Union in 1933, followed by a slightly changed model BA-6 in 1936. Both were based mostly on BA-I, the most important development being the new turret, same as in the T-26 m 1933 and BT-5 tanks, and also equipped with the 45 mm main gun.
Around 180 BA-3 cars were built at the Izhorskij and Vyksunskij factories, until production ended in 1935. BA-6 followed with 386 cars produced between 1936 and 1938 in Izhorskij factory. Most of BA-3 production was based on the Ford-Timken chassis, a 6×4 modification of the US Ford AA 4×2 truck, but the last batch was built on Russian version of the same chassis - GAZ-AAA, continued to be used in next model.
The biggest limitation of the BA-3 was the mobility, limited to roads or very hard ground, the result of unnecessarily large weight. The innovation that slightly improved mobility were the auxiliary ("Overall") tracks that could be fitted onto the rear tandem wheels, converting the car to half-track. The BA-3 is retained door in the rear of the hull that was not present in later version. ---------
BA-3 (venäjä: Broneavtomobil 3) oli neuvostoliitossa suunniteltu raskas panssaroitu auto jota valmistettiin 1933, ja jota seurasi hieman muuttunut malli 1936. Molemmat perustuivat suurimmaksi osaksi BA-I, tärkein kehitys on uusi torni, sama kuin T-26 m 1933 sekä BT-5 tankeissa jossa pää ase oli 45 mm tykki. Noin 180 BA-3 autoa rakennettiin Izhorskij sekä Vyksunskij tehtailla kunnes tuotanto päättyi vuonna 1935. Useimmat BA-3 panssari autojen tuotanto perustui Fordin-Timken alustaan, 6 x 4 muuttamista Yhdysvaltain Fordin AA 4 × 2 kuorma-autoon, mutta viimeinen erä oli rakennettu venäläiselle rungolle joka perustui GAZ-AAA runkoon ja käytettiin myös seuraavissa malleissa.
BA-3 suurin haitta oli sen liikkuvuus joka rajoittui tien tai erittäin kovaan maaperään, ja oli seuraus a uton tarpeettoman suuresta painosta. Muutamaa sotasaaliiksi kaapattua BA-3 autoa käytti Suomen armeija, jonka nimitys BA-3 panssari autolle oli BAF joskus myös BA-32-1. ---------
BA-3 Type: Armored car Place of origin: Soviet Union, Mongolia Weight:BA-3: 5.82 t Length: 4.65 m Width: 2.1 0 m Height: 2.2 0 m Crew: 4 Armor: 15 mm turret, 9 mm hull Armament: 45 mm 20-K gun (60 rounds) + 2 × 7.65 mm DT mg Engine: 40 hp/30 kw, 4-cylinder petrol GAZ-A Power/weight:7-8 hp/tonne Suspension:wheeled 6x4 Range: 260 km Speed: 63 km/h --------- All cars of this series were very heavily armed for the era; they could knock out other vehicles with ease, including tanks. However, their thin armor made them vulnerable to heavy machine gun fire and small caliber cannon fire. A prototype railway BA-3ZD variant was created in 1936, but was not accepted for production.
The BA-3 were used in combat in the Spanish Civil War, against the Japanese in the Battle of Khalkhyn Gol, in the Finnish Winter War, and against the Germans in the early stages of the Eastern Front. Ironically, the German Army used a few Spanish-built six-wheeled armored cars that were close copies of the BA-3 series. Later in the war, the BA-3 were replaced in the Red Army's heavy scout vehicle role by light tanks, such as the T-60 and T-70. A few captured BA-3 cars were used by Finnish army under designation BAF A (sometimes also BA-32-1), and captured BA-6 cars under designation BAF B.
Fiat-Omsky oli kevyt panssari-auto, joka oli valmistettu ainoastaa Venäjän valkoisen armeijan käyttöön, Venäjän sisällissodassa 1917-1923. Se perustui Fiat "Tipo 55" runkoon, joita oli toimitettu Yhdysvaltojen käyttöön jossa tämä ainostaan 15 kpl sarja tätä autoa rakennettiin Venäjän valkoiselle armeijalle (White company) Omskyn ja Vladivostokin tehtaissa
Fiat-Omsk (pitkä versio, konekiväärit ohjaamon takana sekä viisto otsapanssarointi. -------------------------------------- Fiat Omsk Manufacturer: White factories in Omsk and / or Vladivostok Production: the years 1918-1919 or 1919-1920 or 1918-1920 1919 years after 1921 Preparation Quantity: NY. about 15 Most user: White dvizhenieDalnevostochnaya Republic Classification: machine-gun armored car Crew: 3-4 Armor: 6 mm Armament: 1-2 × 7.62 mm "Maxim" type 1910 mg Engine: 4-cylinder Fiat 50 hp, in-line gasoline, carburetor, liquid cooling Axles: 4 x 2
Suspension: the suspended leaf springs
White Army mark on the left side. --------------------------------- The Fiat-Omsky was a light armoured car of the White Army in the Russian Civil War 1917-1923. It was based on a Fiat "Tipo 55" frame supplied from the United States of America. A series of about 15 units was built. This is the only serial armoured car built by the Russian White Army.
The M1 Armored Car was a four-wheel drive American armored car tested by the Ordnance Department in 1931. It was built by James Cunningham, Son and Company of Rochester, New York
M1 Armored Car Type: Armored car Place of origin: United States Production history: DesignerJames Cunningham Number built: 12 Crew: 4 Main armament: M2 machine gun + 2 or 3 x .30 (7.62 mm) machine guns Engine: 8-cylinder gasoline Suspension: wheels, 4X6 Speed: 55 MPH ----------------------
T4 / 3 axle / 6 wheels + cold wheel = no drive Two T4 rest vehicles were built in 1931 and tested until 1934, when they were standardized as the M1. Some sources[who?] indicate an additional ten T4s may have been built before standardization- Army records list only 12 M1 cars being accepted, though it is unclear if these are all new built vehicles or if the number includes the ones originally built as T4s. If the records refer to two different orders, the maximum number built for each type is still only twelve T4 and twelve M1. All vehicles of both designations are believed to have been issued to the First Cavalry Regiment for testing and trials. They are all believed to have been removed from service prior to 1939.
M1 / 3 x axle / 6 wheels + 2 cold wheel = no drive It was powered by an 8-cylinder gasoline engine, sported a crew of four and was armed with a maximum of one .50 machine gun permanently mounted in the turret and two 'backup' .30 machine guns mounted in fore and aft firing ports. The turret also had fittings for mounting one of the machine guns for anti-aircraft use, though this was never tested by the Army. It could hit a speed of 55 mph on paved surfaces, and had an estimated cruising range on roads of approximately 250 miles. While it actually has six wheels (eight if you count the semi-usable spares behind the front axle), it is listed as a 4WD vehicle- the two rear axles are powered, while the front axle is only used for steering. This is different from many US Military combat vehicles which came later, most of which were all-wheel drive (4x4 or 6x6). Though it had respectable (for the 1930s) performance on paved and improved surfaces, the lack of powered front wheels and its length combined to give it very poor off-road performance, especially in mud and snow.
The spare wheels were mounted on free-spinning 'stub axles' in an effort to keep it from bottoming out the chassis, but they did nothing to help it get unstuck. Although the vehicle itself was not adopted for mass production, it showed enough benefits over continued use of the horse to warrant further study and experimentation at mechanizing the U.S. Cavalry through the rest of the 1930s and into the early 1940s. Lessons learned in its trials also led to the design and adoption of more successful Armored Cars, such as the T17 Staghound and M8 Greyhound. The lessons learned about its cross country performance were a factor in the eventual adoption of light tanks and half-tracks for many mechanized cavalry and recon units in the early 1940s.
BA-I (joskus BAI) Neuvostoliitossa valmistettu kolmiakselinen panssaroitujen auto. Vain 82 näitä ajoneuvoja rakennettiin vuosien 1932-1934 aikana. Tästä huolimatta suunnittelu aloitti raskaan sarjan panssaroitujen autojen Izhorskij tehtaassa. Joitakin ajoneuvoja käytettiin toissa maailmansodassa, vaikka se oli vanhentunut jo tuohon aikaan. Tämä käynnisti välittömästi panssaroitujen autojen kehittämisen. Vuoden loppuun vuoden kokoonpano aloitettiin "Gudok Oktyabrya" tehtaassa joka on lähellä Nižni Novgorodia.
The BA-I (sometimes BAI) is a Soviet three-axle armoured car. Only 82 vehicles of this type were built in 1932-1934, nevertheless the design initiated a series of heavy armoured cars of Izhorskij plant. Some vehicles were used in World War II, despite being obsolete at the time.
In 1931, the first Soviet 6x4 chassis was created, a design based on adding Timken tandem rear axles to the American Ford AA chassis, and because of that called Ford-Timken. This immediately initiated the development of armoured cars. By the end of the year assembly was taking place at the plant "Gudok Oktyabrya" in Kanavin, near Nizhniy Novgorod.
In 1932, at the Izhorskij plant, the armoured car BA-I (I stands for Izhorskij) was developed by A. D. Kuzmin. In some publications the name of this machine is written together - BAI. It used the same triaxial Ford-Timken chassis as it predecessors. The hull was welded together - an advanced technology for the time. Due to the "stepped" form of the roof on the hull it was possible to place turret lower, substantially reducing the overall height of combat vehicle. In the cylindrical welded turret, there was a 37 mm gun with 34 rounds (similarly to earlier BA-27 armored car), and a DT machine gun on a separate ball mount. The second DT was placed in the frontal sheet to the right of the driver. There were doors in the hull and in the rear for crew evacuation.
An interesting idea that was borrowed from the earlier D-13 armoured car was mounting of spare wheels just next to the front wheels and only slightly higher. These helped when crossing trenches and rugged terrain. An innovation was the possibility to convert vehicle to a half-track by fitting auxiliary ("Overall") tracks to the rear pair of dual tandem wheels. Additionally some vehicles were equipped with radio. All three of these ideas were subsequently used in all succeeding designs, including the BA-10.
A version has been developed using an improved GAZ-AAA chassis. Also a prototype railway BA-IZD variant was created, but was not accepted for production.
Talvisota oli 30. marraskuuta 1939 – 13. maaliskuuta 1940 Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton välillä käyty sota. Neuvostoliitto aloitti talvisodan hyökkäämällä ilman sodanjulistusta, ja sota päättyi 105 päivää myöhemmin Moskovan rauhansopimukseen. Kansainliitto tuomitsi hyökkäyksen ja erotti Neuvostoliiton 14. joulukuuta 1939. Toinen maailmansota oli alkanut kolme kuukautta aikaisemmin Saksan ja Neuvostoliiton miehitettyä Puolan. Koska länsirintamalla oli käynnissä vähätapahtumainen valesota, länsimaiden lehdistö seurasi talvisotaa tarkasti. Termeistä sisu ja Molotov cocktailtuli kansainvälisesti tunnettuja. (Sisu is a tough, relentless willpower, perseverance, indomitable)
Winter War White Death Sota on tunnettu erityisen vaikeista talviolosuhteista (talvi 1939–1940 oli vuosisadan kylmimpiä), puna-armeijan valtavista miestappioista, suomalaisten mottitaktiikasta sekä ”talvisodan hengestä”. Sodan seurauksena Suomi menetti Neuvostoliitolle 11 prosenttia maa-alueistaan ja toiseksi suurimman kaupunkinsa Viipurin. Talvisodan synnyttämä revanssihenki oli osaltaan viemässä Suomea jatkosotaan.
25,904 dead or missing
43,557 wounded
1,000 captured
957 civilians in air raids
20–30 tanks
62 aircraft 70,000 total casualties
126,875 dead or missing
188,671 wounded, concussed or burned
5,572 capture
3,543 tanks
261–515 aircraft 323,000 total casualties
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The Winter War (Finnish: talvisota, Swedish: vinterkriget, Russian: Зи́мняя война́, tr. Zimnyaya voyna) was a military conflict between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939–1940. It began with the Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939 (three months after the outbreak of World War II), and ended with the Moscow Peace Treaty on 13 March 1940. The League of Nations deemed the attack illegal and expelled the Soviet Union from the League on 14 December 1939.
The Soviet Union ostensibly sought to claim parts of Finnish territory, demanding—amongst other concessions—that Finland cede substantial border territories in exchange for land elsewhere, claiming security reasons, primarily the protection of Leningrad, which was only 32 km (20 mi) from the Finnish border. Finland refused and the USSR invaded the country. Many sources conclude that the Soviet Union had intended to conquer all of Finland, and use the establishment of the puppet Finnish Communist government and the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact's secret protocols as proof of this, while other sources argue against this idea of a full Soviet conquest.
The Soviets possessed more than three times as many soldiers as the Finns, thirty times as many aircraft, and a hundred times as many tanks. The Red Army, however, had been crippled by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of 1937. With more than 30,000 of its officers executed or imprisoned, including most of those of the highest ranks, the Red Army in 1939 had many inexperienced senior and mid-level officers. Because of these factors, and high morale in the Finnish forces, Finland repelled Soviet attacks for several months, much longer than the Soviets expected.
However, after reorganization and adoption of different tactics, the renewed Soviet offensive overcame Finnish defenses at the borders. Finland then agreed to cede more territory than originally demanded by the Soviet Union in 1939; the Soviets, having conquered the areas they demanded from Finland but at a cost of heavier losses in troops than anticipated, accepted this offer.
Hostilities ceased in March 1940 with the signing of the Moscow Peace Treaty. Finland ceded territory representing 11% of its land area and 30% of its economy to the Soviet Union. Four minutes of work The video is based on the text of Jorma Sarvanto. He describes his dogfight in 1940 against 7 Soviet DB-3 bombers. During a flight of 25 minutes he in a battle of four minutes shot down six of them. Jorma Sarvanto 6.1.1940
Soviet losses were heavy, and the country's international reputation suffered. While the Soviet Union did not conquer all Finland, Soviet gains somewhat exceeded their pre-war demands. They gained substantial territory along Lake Ladoga, providing a buffer for Leningrad, and territory in northern Finland.
Finland retained its sovereignty and enhanced its international reputation.
The end of the war cancelled the Franco-British plan to send troops to Finland through northern Scandinavia.
Some authors would suggest that the official statement by Sweden, Norway and Denmark of February 1940, declaring they would not allow British troops to use their territories on their way to Finland, was a factor in Finland's decision of commencing the peace talks with Russia.
One of the operation's major goals in the projected Franco-British operation had been to take control of northern Sweden's iron ore and cut its deliveries to Germany.
For this reason it was also a major factor in the launching of Operation Weserübung, Nazi Germany's invasion of Denmark and Norway.
Audie Leon Murphy (20. kesäkuuta 1924 Teksas, Yhdysvallat – 28. toukokuuta 1971 lähellä Roanokea, Virginiassa) oli toisen maailmansodan palkituimpia yhdysvaltalaissotilaita. Sodan jälkeen hänestä tuli elokuvanäyttelijä ja lauluntekijä. Murphy liittyi armeijaan vuonna 1942. Hän oli yrittänyt värväytyä jo aikaisemminkin, mutta hänet oli hylätty ikänsä takia. Hänet sijoitettiin 3. jalkaväkidivisioonan, 15. jalkaväkirykmentin B-komppaniaan Pohjois-Afrikkaan. Myöhemmin hänestä tuli saman yksikön komentaja. Sodan aikana Murphy palveli Pohjois-Afrikan lisäksi Sisiliassa, Italiassa, Ranskassa ja Saksassa. 26. tammikuuta 1945 Murphyn komppania kohtasi kuusi saksalaisten panssarivaunua ja suuren määrän jalkaväen sotilaita Holtzwihrissä, Ranskassa. Murphy komensi komppanian miehet suojattuihin asemiin läheiseen metsään, pysytellen itse aukiolla suunnaten tykistötulta. Vihollisen tankkien vallattua hänen asemansa, Murphy miehitti yksinään vahingoittuneen telatykin konekiväärin, jonka avulla hän sai viivytettyä tunnin ajan vihollisen etenemistä. Murphy haavoittui taistelun aikana jalkaan, mutta hän siirtyi metsään muun komppanian luokse vasta ammusten loputtua.
Hän kieltäytyi hoidosta, kunnes oli järjestänyt vastahyökkäyksen, joka sai vihollisen vetäytymään. Tämän tapahtuman ansiosta hänelle myönnettiin Medal of Honor, joka on Yhdysvaltojen armeijan korkein kunniamerkki. Murphyn saamiin muihin kunniamerkkeihin kuuluvat muun muassa Distinguished Service Cross, Silver Star tammenlehvin, Legion of Merit, Bronze Star tammenlehvin ja kolme Purple Heartia. Hänet kotiutettiin 21. syyskuuta 1945 luutnantin arvoisena. Samoihin aikoihin kotiuttamisensa kanssa näyttelijä James Cagney, joka oli nähnyt kuvan Murphystä Life-lehden kannessa, pyysi häntä muuttamaan Hollywoodiin. Ensimmäisen pääroolinsa hän sai vuonna 1949 elokuvassa Vihan lapsi. Vuonna 1955 Murphy näytteli itseään elämäkertaelokuvassa Helvettiin ja takaisin, josta tuli Universalin kautta aikojen tuottoisin elokuva, kunnes vuonna 1975 Tappajahai ohitti sen. Muita elokuvia, joissa Murphy näytteli olivat muun muassa Kunnian kentällä (1951) ja Hiljainen amerikkalainen (1958). Kaikkiaan Murphy esiintyi 44 elokuvassa 25 vuoden aikana ja hän sai tähden Hollywood Walk of Famelle. Vuonna 1950 Murphy liittyi Teksasin kansalliskaartiin, toivoen pääsevänsä mukaan Korean sotaan. Vaikkei tämä toive toteutunutkaan, Murphy palveli kansalliskaartissa vuosia, ja yleni lopulta majuriksi. Murphy kirjoitti myös runoja ja teki lauluja, joita levyttivät muun muassa Dean Martin, Eddy Arnold, Porter Wagoner ja Harry Nilsson. Tunnetuimpia hänen kappaleistaan ovat "Shutters and Boards" ja "When the Wind Blows in Chicago". Murphy kärsi traumaperäisestä stressihäiriöstä, ja tuli 1960-luvun puolessavälissä riippuvaiseksi unilääkkeistä. Selviydyttyään riippuvuudesta hän puhui asiasta julkisesti ja vaati hallitusta parantamaan sotaveteraanien mielenterveysongelmien tutkimusta ja hoitoa. Murphy kuoli lento-onnettomuudessa Virginiassa vuonna 1971. Hänet on haudattu Arlingtonin sotilashautausmaalle, jossa hänen hautansa on John F. Kennedyn jälkeen toiseksi vierailluin. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Audie Leon Murphy (20 June 1925 – 28 May 1971) was one of the most decorated American combat soldiers of World War II, receiving every military combat award for valor available from the U.S. Army, as well as French and Belgian awards for heroism. The 19-year-old Murphy received the Medal of Honor after single-handedly holding off an entire company of German soldiers for an hour at the Colmar Pocket in France in January 1945, then leading a successful counterattack while wounded and out of ammunition. Audie Murphy(Full story) Murphy was born into a large sharecropper family in Hunt County, Texas. His father abandoned them, and his mother died when he was a teenager. Murphy left school in fifth grade to pick cotton and find other work to help support his family; his skill with a hunting rifle was a necessity for putting food on the table. Murphy's older sister helped him to falsify documentation about his birth date to meet the minimum-age requirement for enlisting in the military, and after being turned down by the Navy and the Marine Corps he enlisted in the Army. He first saw action in the Allied invasion of Sicily and Anzio, and in 1944 was part of the liberation of Rome and invasion of southern France. Murphy fought at Montélimar, and led his men on a successful assault at the L'Omet quarry near Cleurie in northeastern France in October. After the war Murphy enjoyed a 21-year acting career. He played himself in the 1955 autobiographical To Hell and Back based on his 1949 memoirs of the same name, but most of his films were westerns. He made guest appearances on celebrity television shows and starred in the series Whispering Smith. Murphy was a fairly accomplished songwriter, and bred quarter horses in California and Arizona, becoming a regular participant in horse racing.
Suffering with what would today be termed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), he slept with a loaded handgun under his pillow and looked for solace in addictive sleeping pills. In the last few years of his life he was plagued by money problems, but refused offers to appear in alcohol and cigarette commercials because he did not want to set a bad example. Murphy died in a plane crash in Virginia in 1971 shortly before his 46th birthday, and was interred with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery
Audie Leon Murphy was born the seventh of twelve children to Emmett Berry Murphy and his wife Josie Bell Killian on 20 June 1925, in Kingston, Hunt County, Texas. The Murphys were sharecroppers of Irish descent.
---As a child, Murphy was a loner with mood swings and an explosive temper.[6] He grew up in Texas, around Farmersville, Greenville, and Celeste, where he attended elementary school. His father drifted in and out of the family's life and eventually deserted them. Murphy dropped out of school in fifth grade and got a job picking cotton for a dollar a day to help support his family; he also became skilled with a rifle, hunting small game to help feed them.
After his mother died of endocarditis and pneumonia in 1941, he worked at a radio repair shop and at a combination general store, garage and gas station in Greenville. Hunt County authorities placed his three youngest siblings in Boles Children's Home, a Christian orphanage in Quinlan. After the war, he bought a house in Farmersville for his oldest sister Corrine and her husband Poland Burns. His other siblings briefly shared the home. The loss of his mother stayed with Murphy throughout his life. He later stated: She died when I was sixteen. She had the most beautiful hair I've ever seen. It reached almost to the floor. She rarely talked; and always seemed to be searching for something. What it was I don't know. We didn't discuss our feelings. But when she passed away, she took something of me with her. It seems I've been searching for it ever since.
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